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Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology. Urinary & Reproductive System Unit X. Urinary Terms. Renal – kidney Nephrology – study of kidney function Urology – study of urinary system. Kidneys (located on posterior wall). Structures: - Renal cortex – outer region

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Anatomy & Physiology

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  1. Anatomy & Physiology Urinary & Reproductive System Unit X

  2. Urinary Terms Renal – kidney Nephrology – study of kidney function Urology – study of urinary system

  3. Kidneys(located on posterior wall) Structures: -Renal cortex – outer region • Projects to inner region as renal columns that separate the renal pyramids - Renal medulla – inner region • Forms renal pyramids Calyces – cuplike units -Renal pelvis • Collects urine made • Upper end of the ureters

  4. Kidney Functions • Excrete waste • Regulate blood volume • Regulate electrolytes • Regulate acid-base balance • Regulate BP • Regulate RBC production

  5. Nephron Unit - Tubule Structures • Bowman’s capsule • C-shaped structure partially surrounding glomeruli • Proximal convoluted tubule • Coiled tubule; extension of Bowman’s capsule • Loop of Henle • Descending & ascending branch • Distal convoluted tubule • Collecting ducts • Several merging distal convoluted tubules

  6. Nephron Unit – Vascular Structures • Arterioles • Afferent → to the glomerulus • Efferent → away from the glomerulus • Glomerulus(i) – cluster(s) of capillaries • Peritubular capillaries – surrounds the renal tubules; returns back to venules, vein, renal vein

  7. Kidney Blood Pathway

  8. Urine Formation Processes • Glomeruli filtrate • H₂O & dissolved substances of Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, glucose, uric acid, creatine; NO protein • Filtration occurs because of ↑ pressure in glomeruli driving substances to low pressure in Bowman’s

  9. Urine Formation Processes • Tubular reabsorption • From tubules back into peritubular capillaries; mostly @ proximal convoluted tubules • Kidneys decide type & amt. • Achieved through active transport (pumping Na⁺ from the tubules) OR passive transport (where Na⁺ goes, H₂O follows); also hormones • Tubular secretions • Small amt. of substances move from capillaries into the tubules

  10. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Released from posterior pituitary gland Stimulates collecting ducts to allow H₂O reabsorption to peritubular capillaries Stimulus comes from low blood volume

  11. Aldosterone Mineralcorticoid Secreted by the adrenal cortex after stimulation by ACTH Stimulates distal tubule to reabsorb Na⁺ & H₂O = expanding blood volume & eliminates K⁺ in the urine Released in response to the enzyme renin

  12. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System • Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA): specialized cells in the afferent arterioles • Renin: enzyme released from the JGA when blood volume or BP ↓ • Angiotensinogen • Inactive form located in liver • Is activated by renin to convert to angiotensin I • Converting enzyme • In blood • Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

  13. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone • Angiotensin II • Stimulates release of aldosterone • Also is a vasopressor

  14. Urine Composition Mostly H₂O, waste, electrolytes 1500 mL/day pH: 5.0 – 8.0 (usually acidic) Characteristic odor Specific gravity: 1.001 – 1.030

  15. Urinary Structures – Ureters • Carries urine from renal pelvis to bladder

  16. Urinary Structures – Bladder • Temporary urine storage (rugae) • Mucosa, submucosa, muscle, serosa • Internal sphincter - at exit of bladder • Smooth muscle; involuntary • External sphincter – below internal • Skeletal muscle; voluntary • Urination, micturition, void • Micturition reflex: full bladder; sensory nerves to spinal cord; motor response back to bladder; bladder wall contracts & internal sphincter relaxes

  17. Urethra • Carries urine from bladder to outside (meatus) • Lined with mucous membrane • Length varies

  18. Male Reproductive System Functions Produces, nourishes, transports sperm Deposits sperm within female reproductive tract Secretes hormones that determine secondary sex characteristics

  19. Internal Male Structures & Functions - Testes • Male gonad • Produce sperm & secrete testosterone • Begins developing within abdominopelvic cavity & descends into scrotum to live at lower than body temperature environment • Made of lobules • Seminiferous tubules • Sperm production • Interstitial cells • Secrete the androgens • Spermatogenesis • Sperm formation • Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis

  20. Sperm Head: primarily a nucleus; helps to penetrate egg Body: mid piece; contains mitochondria Tail: flagellum; mobility

  21. Genital Ducts • Epididymis • Tightly coiled structure sitting on top of testes; • Sperm matures here • Vas deferens • Ascend with spermatic cord into pelvic cavity, curves over bladder

  22. Genital Ducts • Ejaculatory ducts • The joining of the vas deferens with the seminal vesicles • R. & L. duct merge to join urethra • Urethra • Extends from bladder to tip of penis • Surrounded by prostate gland • Transports urine & semen

  23. AccessoryGlands • Seminal vesicles • Base of bladder • Adds a nutritious secretion to semen • Prostate gland • Encircles urethra just below the bladder • Produces alkaline secretion to neutralize vaginal acid & ↑ sperm mobility • Contracts during ejaculation to move semen • Bulbourethral glands • Cowper’s glands • Secrete lubricating mucus into distal urethra

  24. Semen Functions Nourishes sperm Transports sperm Lubricates lower structures of reproductive tract

  25. Male External GenitalsPenis • Shaft • 3 columns of erectile tissue • Accumulation of blood causes erection • Glans penis: distal end • Urinary meatus: penetrates the glans • Prepuce • Foreskin; covers the glans • Function • Expels urine & is intercourse organ

  26. Male External GenitalsScrotum • Sac that holds the testes

  27. Testosterone • Primary sex characteristics • Testes & penis size • Secondary sex characteristics • Hair growth & distribution • ↓ voice • Musculoskeletal growth • ↑ activity of skin glands

  28. Male Hormone System • Hypothalamus – releasing hormones → anterior pituitary gland = gonadotropins • FSH • Stimulates spermatogenic cells = sensitivity ↑ to testosterone • LH • Stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone • Negative feedback effect • As plasma levels of testosterone ↑, ant. pituitary ↓ LH output

  29. Female Reproductive Functions • Produces ova • Secretes hormones • Nurtures & protects a developing fetus during 9 months of pregnancy

  30. Internal Structures & Functions Ovaries – female gonad • Egg development – the ovarian follicle (a tiny saclike structure; MANY) • Each follicle contains an immature oocyte (egg) & surrounding follicular cells • Oocyte → meiosis • Follicular cells → estrogen • Mature ovarian follicle = graafian follicle

  31. OVULATION eject 1 egg/month from surface • Egg swept up by the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes • Follicular cells remain in the ovary; become corpus luteum (gland structure) → progesterone • Corpus luteum = YELLOW BODY • Corpus albicans= WHITE BODY

  32. Internal Structures Fallopian Tubes • Oviduct, uterine tubes • Site of fertilization • Transports egg to uterus • Infundibulum – distal tube

  33. Internal Structures Uterus • Fundus • Upper dome shape part • Body • Center • Cervix • Long narrow region • Layers • Epimetrium (outer) • Myometrium (muscle) • Endometrium (inner)

  34. Internal Structure Vagina • Part of birth canal • Receives penis during intercourse

  35. External Female GenitaliaVulva • Labia majora & minora • Prevents drying of the mucous membrane • Clitoris • Erectile tissue • Vestibule • Between labia minora • Contains urethral & vaginal openings • Bartholin’s glands • Vestibular glands near the vaginal opening; secrete mucus • Perineum • Between vaginal & anus

  36. Female Hormones • Estrogen – secreted by follicular cells • Promotes egg maturation • Secondary sex characteristics • reproductive organs develop • breast development • fat distribution • pelvis widens • menstrual cycle participation • closes epiphyseal disc • Progesterone – secreted by corpus luteum • Menstrual cycle participation • Assist to maintain pregnancy • Breast preparation for milk production MENSES= CYCLIC VARIATION IN HORMONE SECRETION

  37. Ovarian Cycle Follicular phase • Hypothalamus → releasing hormones → ant. pituitary gland → gonadotropins • FSH → development of ovarian follicle which the follicular cells secrete estrogen (which dominates this phase) • LH → ovulation @ about 14 days & starts luteal phase

  38. Ovarian Cycle Luteal phase • Dominated by the progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum • ↑ levels of estrogen & progesterone • Prevent release of gonadotropins • Build up endometrial lining (progesterone) in preparation for pregnancy

  39. Uterine Cycle • Menstrual phase • Shedding of endometrial lining due to ↓ in ovarian hormones when corpus luteum dies • Proliferative phase • Buildup of endometrial lining after menstruation due to estrogen secretion • Secretory phase • Endometrial thickening from progesterone secretion

  40. Pregnant State Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) • Will be secreted by the trophoblastic cells of the embryo to maintain corpeus luteum to continue secreting hormones to maintain endometrial tissue

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