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THE FEDERAL BUREAUOCRACY

THE FEDERAL BUREAUOCRACY. CHAPTER 15. DEFINITIONS. BUREAUCRACY: ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM STAFFED BY NON-ELECTED OFFICIALS ORGANIZED IN AGENCIES EACH HAS A SPECIFIC TASK ADMINISTRATE LAWS PASSED BY CONGRESS. BUREAUCRAT. A PERSON WORKING IN A BURAEUCRACY

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THE FEDERAL BUREAUOCRACY

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  1. THE FEDERAL BUREAUOCRACY CHAPTER 15

  2. DEFINITIONS • BUREAUCRACY: ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM STAFFED BY NON-ELECTED OFFICIALS • ORGANIZED IN AGENCIES • EACH HAS A SPECIFIC TASK • ADMINISTRATE LAWS PASSED BY CONGRESS

  3. BUREAUCRAT • A PERSON WORKING IN A BURAEUCRACY • THERE IS A HUGE VARIETY OF TASKS AND SKILLS

  4. AUTHORITY OF BUREAUCRACY • POWER IS DELEGATED BY LEGISLATURE • POWER IS DELEGATED BY THE PRESIDENT

  5. PUBLIC SERVANTS • THEY ARE THE PUBLIC FACE OF THE GOVERNMENT • THEIR JOB IS TO ADMINISTER THE LAW • SOLVE PROBLEMS OF THE PUBLIC

  6. FEATURES OF BUREAUCRACY HIERARCHIAL SPECIALIZATION

  7. FEATURES OF BUREAUCRACY S O P (NO FAVORITISM ALLOWED)

  8. BENEFITS OF A BUREAUCRACY • LARGE, COMPLEX TASKS ARE BROKEN DOWN TO BE SOLVED EFFICIENTLY

  9. NO CONFUSION OVER AUTHORITY

  10. EXPERT WORKERS • “EX”—A HAS-BEEN • “SPURT”— A DRIP UNDER PRESSURE • SERIOUSLY—WE WANT PEOPLE WHO CAN GUIDE US THROUGH THE COMPLEXITIES OF GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

  11. STANDARDS ARE CONSISTANT • REASONABLE (HOPEFULLY), NOT CHANGING PROCEEDURES • THOUGH A LITTLE FLEXIBILITY IS OFTEN APPRECIATED

  12. HISTORY AND GROWTH • TOOK CARE • CHOSE QUALIFIED PEOPLE • COULD FIRE PEOPLE • (THERE WERE FEW PEOPLE)

  13. THE SPOILS SYSTEM • POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS WERE PRIMARY • THOUGHT THE JOBS WERE SIMPLE • WANTED LOYALTY • CONSIDERED REPLACEMENT OF BUREAUCRATS TO BE A GOOD THING

  14. CIVIL WAR • VAST INCREASE IN GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES • HUGE AMOUNT OF CORRUPTION, ESPECIALLY AFTER THE WAR • INCOMPETENCE WAS VERY EVIDENT—TOO MANY APPOINTEES TO DO A GOOD JOB OF CHECKING QUALIFICATIONS

  15. PENDLETON ACT • CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM ESTABLISHED • “MERIT” SYSTEM • PRESIDENT NO LONGER APPOINTED MOST EMPLOYEES • CAREER GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT BEGAN

  16. WORLD WARS & NEW DEAL • MANY MORE REGULATIONS & AGENCIES FORMED • EVEN AFTER THE CRISIS, THE NUMBER OF BUREAUCRATS REMAINED VERY HIGH • SOCIALIST FOUNDATIONS • AMERICANS BECAME ADDICTED TO GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS

  17. PAY & BENEFITS FOR BUREAUCRATS • PAY IS SET BY CONGRESS • PAY IS BETTER THAN THE PRIVATE SECTOR • BENEFITS TEND TO BE BETTER (INSURANCE, HOLIDAYS, RETIREMENT) • THIS HAS BEEN A TOPIC OF REFORM, CHANGES HAVE BEEN MADE

  18. BUREAUCRATIC POLITICAL ACTION • THEY MAY VOTE • HATCH ACT (1939) SAID THEY COULD NOT CAMPAIGN FOR OTHERS • THIS CHANGED (1993), SO NOW THAY MY NOT CAMPAIGN WHILE ON THE JOB OR ON GOVERNMENT PROPERTY. NEITHER CAN THEY INFLUENCE OTHERS ON THE STRENGTH OF THEIR GOVERNMENT JOBS

  19. BUREAUCRACY TODAY • GET JOB ON MERIT SYSTEM • LIFE-LONG TENURE • PAY & PROMOTIONS BY WRITTEN EVALUATIONS • PRESIDENT APPOINT TOP 1,000 PEOPLE • CAREER BUREAUCRATS ARE HARD TO CHANGE (PERSONNEL, PHILOSOPHY, PROCEEDURES) • NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO SHRINK BUREAUCRACY

  20. BUREAUCRATIC STRUCTURE • IT IS HUGE! • SEE PAGE 338 IN YOUR TEXT

  21. EXECUTIVE OFFICE of the PRESIDENT

  22. EXECUTIVE OFFICE of the PRESIDENT • CLOSEST TO THE PRESIDENT • MANAGES THE OTHER ASPECTS OF THE PRESIDENTS OFFICE

  23. WHITE HOUSE OFFICE • PRESIDENT’S CLOSEST ADVISORS • CHIEF OF STAFF • PRESS OFFICE • WHITE HOUSE STAFF • WHITE HOUSE COUNSEL • P. 339-340—know details of 3

  24. OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET • PRESIDENT’S BUDGET • COORDINATES CABINET AGENCIES FINANCES • HELPS PRESIDENT SET PRIORITIES

  25. NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL • POLICY OVER SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE • DAILY SECURITY BRIEFINGS • HAS BEEN USED TO MANAGE WAR

  26. OTHER AGENCIES • P. 341 • KNOW TWO (list & explain)

  27. PRESIDENT’S CABINET • NOT MENTIONED IN THE CONSTITUTION • CONGRESS DID NOT FORM IT • FORMED BY THE PRESIDENT—AND IT IS RESPONSIBLE TO HIM • ADMINISTRATIVE STYLE OF THE PRESIDENT IS DEMONSTRATED

  28. DEPARTMENT OF STATE

  29. DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY

  30. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

  31. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

  32. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

  33. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

  34. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

  35. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

  36. DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

  37. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT

  38. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

  39. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

  40. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

  41. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

  42. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

  43. PRESIDENT NIXON ON BUREAUCRATIC TENURE • “ WE NEVER FIRED ANYBODY. WE NEVER REPRIMANDED ANYBODY. WE NEVER DEMOTED ANYBODY. WE ALWAYS PROMOTED THE __________ THAT KICKED US IN THE ___________.” • RICHARD NIXON, 1970

  44. INDEPENDENT AGENCIES • CATEGORY FOR FUNCTIONS THAT DO NOT FIT OTHER CATEGORIES • AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO KEEP THESE NON-PARTISAN • THEY ARE OFTEN CALLED “INDEPENDENT” OUT OF SENSITIVITY TO THEIR TASKS

  45. INDEPENDENT EXECUTIVE AGENCIES

  46. GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS • ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS • OPERATE LIKE BUSINESSES (SORT OF) • TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (electricity, flood control, recreation, etc.) • U.S. POSTAL SYSTEM

  47. REGULATORY COMMISSIONS • OVERSEEN BY THE PRESIDENT • NOT ACCOUNTABLE TO THE PRESIDENT • (does that make sense?) • REGULATIONS ARE NECESSARY, OFTEN FRUSTRATION • SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION • FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION • ETC.

  48. OPERATION OF BUREAUCRACY • STATUTORY LAW • MADE BY CONGRESS • BUREAUS MUST ENFORCE IT • REGULATORY LAW • MADE BY BUREAUS • LITTLE OR NO CONTROL BY CONGRESS OR PRESIDENT • S O P MEANT TO PROTECT “CLIENTS” • SEE P. 348

  49. BUREAUCRATIC REALITIES • “4TH BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT”

  50. SEPARATION OF POWERS • AGENCIES CAN USE ITS POSITION TO SEPARATE FROM CONGRESS OR PRESICENCY—OR AT LEAST ACT LIKE IT IS.

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