Nationalism, Revolutions, and the Development of Nation-States in Europe

1. The Great War Causes

2. Nationalism:Europe Faces Revolutions Chapter 8, Sections 2

3. Government Philosophies • Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. • Liberal: mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote. • Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution—liberty, equality, and brotherhood.

4. Nationalism Develops • Out of the debate over governmental philosophies, nationalism developed. • Nationalism: belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. • Nation-states developed as countries in Europe created independent governments. • Defended territory and way of life • Represents the nation to the rest of the world • 1815, only France, England, and Spain were nation-states (in Europe)

5. Nationalism

6. Greeks Gain Independence • Ottoman Empire controlled most of the Balkan region. • Greeks fought for independence with nationalist motivation • Europe supported Greek independence and helped them win.

7. More Nationalistic Revolutions • Belgium – declared independence from Dutch rule in 1830 • Italy – unification attempt (revolt against Austrian, Papal, and independent rule) • Poland – revolt against Russia • Austria – Metternich (Congress of Vienna) resigned, Liberal revolts throughout Austria. • France – Third Republic moderate constitution called for a parliament and strong president

8. Reform in Russia • Russia is not industrialized (still under feudal system) was not economically advanced. • Alexander II, Czar of Russia, moved Russia towards modernization and social change. • 1861 Freed the serfs (twisted fate) but still tied to the land • Alexander III encouraged industrialization to expand Russia’s power.

9. Comprehension Check • 1. True or False: Conservatives wanted to protect the ideals of the French Revolution—liberty, equality, and brotherhood. • 2. True or False: Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800s. • 3. Define Nationalism in your own words. • 4. Give one positive result of nationalism. • 5. Give one negative result of nationalism.

10. Nationalism Case Study:Italy and Germany Chapter 8, Section 3

11. Nationalism: Unity or Disunity? • People believed a single “nationality” (ancestry or culture) should unite under a single government. • How could this idea of nationalism unite or separate a country or people?

12. Nationalism Shakes Empires • Austrian Empire • VERY diverse kingdom • Austria-Hungary Empire, separate nations, but ruled by same government • Russian Empire • Russification: imposed Russian culture on all the ethnic groups  fueled nationalist feelings and helped to separate Russia • Ottoman Empire • Broke apart after WWI • Armenian genocide

13. Case Study: Italy • Camillo di Cavour: Sardinia’s Prime Minister • His goal was to unify Italy under the rule of the kingdom of Sardinia. • Used the help of France to gain control of Northern Italy from Austria. • Refer to textbook page 260: “Unification of Itay, 1858-1870” • Giuseppe Garibaldi: led an army of nationalists through Sicily to take over control & unite Italy • Gave authority to Sardinia to rule Sicily and unite Italy completely.

14. Case Study: Germany • Prussia leads German unification. • Prussia had a majority of Germans—nationalism worked in their favor. • Strong army to control militarily. • Otto von Bismarck was Wilhelm I’s Prime minister of Prussia – realpolitik = “politics of reality” • “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by blood and iron” (WARFARE)

15. Otto von Bismarck

16. Realpolitiks of Bismarck • Bismarck was clever at staging events that would ultimately make Prussia stronger or Germans more nationalistic. • Example: Franco-Prussian War • Bismarck said the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. • France declared war on Prussia in retaliation. • Siege of Paris until French surrender. • Victory was the final stage of German unification • Wilhelm I declared Kaiser Wilhelm in 1871—the ruler of the Second Reich of Germany.

17. Comprehension Check • 1. True or False: The wide diversity of Austria created nationalistic feelings that helped to unify the country. • 2. True or False: Russification was the process of imposing Russian culture on ethnic minorities. • 3. Who helped Cavour unify Italy under the Sardinian kingdom? • 4. What country led the unification of Germany? • 5. Who was the Prime Minister of Prussia?

18. Imperialism Chapter 11, Sections 1 & 2

19. Imperialism in Africa • Why Africa? • Europeans believe they were superior—nationalistic pride. • Wanted to bring progress to “less advanced” countries. • Last “frontier” of the world for Europeans to plant flags and claim land for their country.

20. Case Study: Nigeria • Gaining Control: diplomatic and military means • Local rulers agreed to sign treaties • Others opposed foreign rule & rebelled • Management: Govern & control the people • 3 major ethnic groups: Huasa-Fulai, Igbo, and Yoruba • Indirect means of management through controlling tribal leaders  some chiefs resented having their power limited

21. African Resistance • Did Africans have the ability to fight colonization? (Not really…) • Europeans had superior weapons • Most Resistance movements failed, EXCEPT Ethiopia… • Ethiopian Resistance – Menelik II • Stockpiled modern weapons • Ethiopia named as protectorate by Italians, but Menelik II did not agree • Battle of Adowa: defeated Italians and kept the nation of Ethiopia INDEPENDENT.

22. Legacy of Colonial Rule • Negative • Africans lost control of their land • Africans suffered a break down in cultural traditions • Tribal warfare, disputes over control of lands, and fights for power occurred after Europeans pulled out of Africa • Positive • Humanitarian efforts improved living conditions in Africa • Economic growth for Europeans

23. Consequences of Imperialism • Europeans were constantly fighting for rights to colonies and resources. Some countries almost at war over colonies.. • Distrusted each other and rivalries became to develop very deeply • Mistrust caused European countries to stockpile arms, but that discussion is for another day…

24. Comprehension Check • 1. What was one of the reasons Europeans colonized Africa? • 2. True or False: Europeans never used military forced to colonize and control Africa. • 3. If you were the chief of an African tribe, how would you feel about giving up your power to Europeans? • 4. What African nation fought for independence against Italy? • 5. Was Ethiopia successful in its attempt to resist European rule?

25. The Great War 1914-1918 Chapter 16

26. Road to War Section 1

27. Militarism • The nations of Europe believed that to be truly great, they needed to have a powerful military. • Competition from Imperialism  building up armies and weaponry to defend territories • GOAL: Quick mobilization (organize & move troops) in case of war • Militarism: term for all of the above or the emphasis of keeping the military ready for war

28. Alliances • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Will become Central Powers • Bismarck wanted to leave France with no allies, allied with Austria-Hungary and Russia, then Italy joined. • When Kaiser Wilhelm II forced Bismarck to resign, treaty with Russia ended, and Russia jumped ship. • Triple Entente: Russia, France, and Great Britain (Will become Allied Powers) • KEY TO UNDERSTANDING: Russia joining France would force Germany to fight a “two front” war (east and west)

29. Imperialism • How does Imperialism lead to World War I? • Created intense competition between European countries for wealth and power • Many countries extended their influence to many different continents, arguments over colonies and land holding will cause tensions

30. Nationalism • Many Europeans believed if countries were created by separate nationalities, then peace would exist in Europe… • This was not the case; the process of getting to where different nationality groups could govern themselves was full of turmoil and fighting… • Nationalism will cause many problems before and after World War I.

31. “Powder Keg” • Organizing and preparing for war made countries anxious to use their militaries… • “The entire able-bodied population are preparing to massacre one another; though no one wants to attack, an everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the park to fall in a flash…and blow all Europe sky-high.”

32. Crisis in the Balkans • Balkans = “powder keg of Europe • Ethnic groups broke away from Ottoman control, creating chaos and new countries • Austria and Serbia fighting for control of Slavic groups = TENSION • Nationalism causes a lot of troubles in the Balkan region of Europe

33. It Only Takes a Spark • Archduke Franz Ferdinand takes the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1914. • Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, shot the Archduke and his wife, Sophie, at point blank range. • Black Hand wanted to rid rule of Slavs by Austria-Hungary. • Austria declared war on July 28, 1914. • Blood and Iron settle disputes, not negotiations…(Who said this?)

34. Who declared war?! • After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28, 1914: • Germany declares war on Russia on August 1, 1914… • Great Britain (Russia’s ally) declares war on Germany August 4, 1914 • By August 4, most of the great powers of Europe were at war (alliances)

35. Schlieffen Plan • German military strategy • General Alfred von Schlieffen • Two-front war (Western & Eastern) with France and Russia • German troops would “hold” Russian troops long enough for most of Germany’s troops to attack France • Germans believed it would be a QUICK and easy war

36. Comprehension Check • 1. What was the goal of European countries when they readied their militaries? • 2. True or False: The Triple Alliance included the countries of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy. • 3. True or False: The Triple Entente included the countries of Russia, Great Britain, and France. • 4. True or False: Gavrilo Princip shot Otto van Bismarck. • 5. True or False: Serbia declared war on Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914.

37. The War Section 2

38. Bloody Stalemate • Germany’s strategy = Schlieffen Plan: • attack France in the west and • rush to east to attack Russia. • Just when it seemed like a German victory in Paris & the Western Front… • Battle of the Marne = German retreat

39. Western Front • First Battle of the Marne defeated the Schlieffen Plan. • Germans could not win a quick victory in the west. • Trench Warfare – large loss of life for small gains in land and victory • “Slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud”, rats, no food, sleep was impossible • “No Man’s Land” – bombed out, barb-wired fenced area that was a death trap

40. Battle of the Somme • Page 498 in your textbook • July 1, 1916 – British & French attacked Germans • Bloodiest battle in WWI • 1 million soldiers died • 21,000 British soldiers died on first day of battle • Only 5 miles gained (advanced) by British troops

45. Focus on Everyday Life • Page 504-505 – Read passage • Think about what you read and watch a visual representation of trench warfare in the movie, “All Quiet on the Western Front.”

46. Eastern Front • No trenches on Eastern Front – war of mobility • Russia was not industrialized like many European countries. • This made it hard for Russia to supply troops with necessities. • Battle of Tanneberg & Masurian Lakes proved a decisive defeat of Russian troops • 2.5 Russians killed or captured • Serbia out of the war – defeated by German-Austrian-Bulgarian Army

47. New Weapons of War • Poison Gas – soldiers wore gas masks; introduced by Germans; blinded, severe blisters, death by choking • Machine Gun – automatically fires ammunition; made it difficult to advance • Tank – armored combat vehicle, could travel over different terrain • Submarine – underwater warship that launched torpedoes • Plane Warfare – Ace pilots, dropped bombs

48. Comprehension Check 16-2 • 1. Name one new weapon of war. • 2. What battle defeated Germany’s Schlieffen plan? • 3. True or False: Russia had a hard time supplying troops because they were not industrialized. • 4. What was the Schlieffen plan? • 5. True or False: Most people in Europe were prepared for the war to be long.

49. A Global Conflict Section 2

50. U.S. Enters the War • Sinking of the Lusitania – May 7, 1915 • British cruise liner—Americans on board • hit by a U-boat = German submarine • 1917, Germany policy of unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Sank 3 more American ships • Naval blockade of Great Britain • Zimmerman Telegram – To Mexico from Germany • “Reconquer” land Mexico lost to US, if Mexico would ally itself with Central Powers