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Tonight

February 8 Weather Review Weather map basics Energy that Drives the Storms (chapter 2) More Weather Maps ( Isopleths ) Classwork (HW#3) Homework #4. Tonight. What is the forecast for next week? Monday? Tuesday? Wednesday?

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Tonight

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  1. February 8 • Weather Review • Weather map basics • Energy that Drives the Storms (chapter 2) • More Weather Maps (Isopleths) • Classwork (HW#3) • Homework #4 Tonight

  2. What is the forecast for next week? • Monday? • Tuesday? • Wednesday? • During the course of the week try and keep track if the forecast • Changes? • Is accurate? Weather Preview

  3. Weather Symbols and Maps

  4. Station model 80 021 -23 63

  5. Weather Symbols

  6. Sky Symbols

  7. Wind Symbols

  8. Pressure Tendency

  9. Station model 80 021 -23 63

  10. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Temperature Surface: ºF Upper air: ºC

  11. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Dew point temperature Surface: ºF Upper air: ºC

  12. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Totalsky cover ** Depicted by shading in circle

  13. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Current weather conditions ** If blank, “no weather”

  14. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Wind direction – of wind toward center

  15. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Wind speed Long barb = 10 knots Short barb = 5 knots Flag = 50 knots ** Notice range of wind speeds (i.e., 28-32 knots)

  16. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Sea level pressure **If first number is 5 or greater, then place 9 in front --Otherwise, place 10 in front **Place decimal point between last two numbers

  17. Station model 80 021 -23 63 Change in surface pressure during last 3 hours ** In tenths of mb ** Line describes how pressure changes over time from left to right

  18. Example 1 • Temperature: 76 ºF • Dew point: 65 ºF • Sky cover: Completely overcast • Current weather: Light rain • Wind direction and speed: Southwest at 15 knots • Sea level pressure: 995.3 mb • Pressure tendency: Increase of 1.6 mb; rising steadily 76 953 +16 65

  19. Example 2 • Temperature: 10ºF • Dew point: 8ºF • Sky cover: 7/10 or 8/10 • Current weather: Snow shower • Wind direction and speed: North at 3-7 knots • Sea level pressure: 1010.5 mb • Pressure tendency: Decrease of 0.4 mb; falling, then steady 10 105 -4 8

  20. High & Low Pressure Systems • Air pressure Patterns are main organizing feature • Circulation in Northern Hemisphere • Clockwise around Highs (H) • CCW around Lows (L) • Clouds & Precip around Lows • Temperature patterns result from latitude, wind flow and cloud cover

  21. Plotting Fronts • Boundary between Different Air Masses • Types of Fronts

  22. Weather Maps

  23. Weather Maps

  24. Weather Maps

  25. Weather Maps

  26. Weather Maps

  27. Weather Maps

  28. Weather Maps

  29. CHAPTER 2 ENERGY THAT DRIVES THE STORMS

  30. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Energy is the capacity to do work on some form of matter • Potential energy: The total amount of energy stored in any object is capable of doing • Kinetic energy: Any moving substance possesses energy of motion

  31. Cold Air vs. Warm Air Slower and closer together ….. Faster and farther apart Fig. 2.1, p. 37

  32. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Atoms and molecules have kinetic energy due to their motion (heat energy) • Sun’s radiant energy most important • Air temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules

  33. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Heat = energy transferred because of a temperature difference • After heat is transferred, it is stored as internal energy • Heat is transferred in the atmosphere by • Conduction • Convection • Radiation

  34. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Latent heat: energy required to change a substance, such as water, from one state to another • Evaporation = cooling process, absorption of latent heat from the environment • Condensation = warming process, release of latent heat to the environment

  35. Changes of State Fig. 2.2, p. 37

  36. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Conduction: the transfer of heat from molecule to molecule • Always flows from warmer to colder • Air is an extremely poor conductor of heat

  37. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Convection = heat transfer by the mass movement of a fluid (water or air) • Example: Pan of boiling water • Convection circulation: warm air expands and rises then cools and sinks • Thermal cell, convection, thermals

  38. Thermal Circulations Fig. 2.5, p. 40

  39. Thermal Circulations Fig. 2.6, p. 40

  40. ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER • Radiation = Energy transfer via electromagnetic waves • Radiation and Temperature • Hotter objects • Emit shorter wavelengths • Emit radiation at a greater rate or intensity

  41. Electromagnetic Radiation Fig. 2.7, p. 41

  42. ENERGY BALANCING ACT • Radiation of the Sun and Earth • Sun (6000 K) emits mostly shortwave radiation • Earth emits mostly longwave radiation

  43. SUN’S ELECTROMAGNETIC SPRECTRUM Mostly shorter wavelengths Fig. 2.8, p. 44

  44. ElectromagneticRadiation SUN EARTH Fig. 2.9, p. 44

  45. ENERGY BALANCING ACT • Selective Absorbers: • Good absorbers are good emitters at a particular wavelength, and vice versa. • Greenhouse effect: the atmosphere selectively absorbs infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface but acts as a window and transmits shortwave radiation

  46. Atmospheric Absorption of Radiation Fig. 2.10, p. 46

  47. A GREENHOUSE • Glass is transparent to short visible wavelengths (SW) but opaque to long infrared (LW) wavelengths.

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