Bellringer 10/7

1. Bellringer 10/7 • Have a copy of the purple book. • Turn to page 524 in the purple book. • Copy sentences 6-10. • Underline prepositional phrases, circle the preposition, and label the noun(N) or pronoun(PN).

2. Open up to the reading section of your notebook • Tape, staple, or glue in today’s note page • You can do this now or after class. • Today we will begin our 2nd unit on The New World • We will discuss colonialism & puritanism • We will read texts from this time period and about (set in) this time period

3. Overview • The “new world” that Columbus boasted of to the Spanish monarchs in 1500 was neither an expanse of empty space nor a replica of European culture, tools, textiles, and religion, but a combination of Native, European, and African people living in complex relation to one another. • The Native cultures Columbus found in the New World displayed a huge variety of languages, social customs, and creative expressions, with a common practice of oral literature without parallel east of the Atlantic.

4. Overview • Exploratory expeditions to the New World quickly led to colonial settlements, as the major European countries vied with each other for a portion of the western hemisphere’s riches. • The role of writing during the initial establishment and administration of these overseas colonies involved influencing policymakers at home, justifying actions taken without their explicit permission, and bearing witness to the direct and unintended consequences of European conquest of the Americas.

5. Overview • The Puritans who settled in New England represented a different type of colonist, one that emigrated for religious rather than national or economic reasons. • Since the English language arrived late to the New World, it was by no means inevitable that the English would dominate, even in their own colonies. • But by 1700, the strength of the (mostly religious) literary output of New England had made English the preeminent language of early American literature.

6. Overview • The state of American literature in 1700, consisting of only about 250 published works, reflects the pressing religious, security, and cultural concerns of colonial life. • During the eighteenth century, the religious, intellectual, and economic horizons of the thirteen English colonies expanded, challenging the dominance of Puritan culture with Enlightenment thought and uniting the different regions behind common national interests.

7. History • 1534 Henry III divorces wife and breaks with Roman Catholic Church; founds Church of England • 1556 Mary I returns country to Catholicism • 1558 Elizabeth I breaks with Rome again; within the next 100 years thousands will die in Europe as result of religious conflicts • 1603 James I moves country back toward Catholicism; rise of Puritanism (1590-1640) • 1607 Jamestown colony founded in Virginia—commercial enterprise • 1620 Plymouth Plantation (100 colonists arrive, about half survive the first year) Bradford is Governor (arrive on Mayflower) • 1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony (1000 colonists) Winthrop is leader (he arrives on Arbella)

8. Video Coming to America - Pilgrims & Puritans

9. Puritan Ideology (Beliefs) • Perry Miller says that Puritan govt. was a "dictatorship of the holy and regenerate." It was a "government established by God to save depraved men from their own depravity.” • Originally sought to purify the Church of England of ceremony and ritual which they believed to be unchristian and a corruption of acceptable forms of worship • Attacked ritual and liturgy of C of E as Popish • Both separatists (Plymouth) and non-separatists • Hierarchical in structure (God is head, then leaders (men), rich, poor, native people, etc) • Church discipline (excommunication, punishment, death)

10. Puritan Ideology (Beliefs) • No religious freedom; one church and all should attend • Puritan values (work ethic; individual struggle, literacy, writing, study) • Saw settlement in New England as promised land comparison—Godly mission to conquer and Christianize • Bible is authoritative • Church building center of govt.; pews assigned; later purchased • Personal responsibility to "read" scripture, history, events, and nature • Personal responsibility for "right thinking" and spiritual preparation

11. Puritan Literature – things to consider • Puritan attitude toward native peoples • Central principles of Puritan thought • New World Consciousness • Resistance, undermining, questioning, or uncertainty in texts with ideals of Puritanism • Literary Forms of Colonial Literature: history, journals/diaries, letters, poetry, captivity narrative, sermon • Purposes of these literary forms: instruction, recording of history, personal examination

12. Puritan Literature – things to consider • Concept of self and self-reliance • Concept of affiliation, assimilation, oneness • Examples of "divine retribution" • Puritan values • Narrative structure/voice • Biblical references • Figurative language—analogy, metaphor, etc. • Persuasive elements

13. Authors • Jonathan Edwards • October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758 • Puritan • Christian preacher and theologian, considered among the most influential in American history • He is known for his “evangelist” sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” • Anne Bradstreet • 1612 – September 16, 1672 • Puritan • First published English-North-American Colony poet and female writer in general to be published • Published multiple anthologies • Used often-sarcastic poetry to express her disapproval towards the prejudice against women in Puritan society Puritan Authors (Cont.)

14. Authors • Cotton Mather • February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728 • Puritan • Minister, Author and Pamphleteer • Known to have been partly responsible for the Salem Witch Trials • John Winthrop • 2 January 1587 or 1588 – 26 March 1649 • Puritan • A founder (and later governor) of the Massachusetts Bay Colony • Known for his sermon “A Model of Christian Charity”

15. A Model of Christian Charity (City on a Hill) • Written and read by Puritan minister John Winthrop either before or during their transatlantic crossing to Massachusetts in 1630. He was trying to prepare his people for the challenges of establishing a new community in a strange and foreign land that would allow them the religious freedom they lacked in Europe. • This sermon, with its famous reference to a “city upon a hill,” has had a profound effect on the way we understand the Puritan mission in founding their colony in what would become the U.S. It has been quoted by multiple presidents—most famously John F. Kennedy in 1961 and Ronald Reagan in 1988—to promote the idea of national unity, global leadership, and the notion that the U.S. is on a mission sanctioned by divine providence. • it is striking for its attention to the messages of love, respect, and togetherness—that they will either succeed or fail together.

16. Winthrop – Excerpt of Sermon • "God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, that in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high, and eminent in power and dignity, other mean and in subjection...Yet we must be knit together in this work as one man. We must entertain each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities, for the supply of others necessities. We must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality. We must delight in each other make others' conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body. So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace... We must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us, so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, in so cause him to withdraw his present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God,...Shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us."