Chapter 9: Memory

1. Chapter 9: Memory Storage Go, Fetch! Methods and Devices Process Now, what’s this for?

2. 1. Making sense of information as meaningful occurs in the process of ___ so that we may store it in memory. • A) construction • B) flashbulb • C) encoding • D) sensory memory

3. 2. Being able to remember major events clearly because of their emotional impact is called: • A) flashbulb memory. • B) sensory memory. • C) photographic memory. • D) traumatic memory.

4. 3. In the three-stage processing model of memory, the stages, in order of occurrence are: • A) flashbulb, working, long-term. • B) sensory, short-term, long-term. • C) working, short-term, long-term. • D) visual, short-term, long-term.

5. 4. When you solve a math problem in your head, you have to hold the information there while you calculate. This calls into play ___ memory. • A) rehearsal • B) working • C) conscious • D) arithmetic

6. In Baddeley’s model of working memory, the central executive function directs focus, with increased activation of the ___ of the brain. • A) frontal lobes • B) parietal lobes • C) amygdala • D) occipital lobes

7. 6. When studying information, like concepts in your textbook, you must work at it and pay attention. This is called ___ processing. • A) meaningful • B) deliberate • C) effortful • D) redundant

8. 7. Your friend says, “I wait to study all the material the night before the test, so it is fresh in my mind.” You tell him from what you have learned: • A) that you agree this is the best way to prepare for a test. • B) he should rehearse the material as many times as he can the night before the test. • C) he should audio tape the material and replay it in his sleep. • D) that he should spread his studying across many days.

9. 8. The “serial position effect” describes our tendency to: • A) remember what we had for breakfast. • B) remember things when they are in numerical order. • C) remember the first and last items of a list more successfully. • D) remember the first items of the list more often than the last ones.

10. 9. The self-reference effect refers to the increased remembering of information when: • A) someone told the person directly. • B) the person saw the even first-hand. • C) that information holds personal meaning. • D) the person has been directly accused of something.

11. 10. Using a method such as, “one is a bun, two is a shoe, etc.” to help you remember is a ____ device called a ____ system. • A) mnemonic; peg-word • B) semantic; chunking • C) working memory; spacing effect • D) priming; semantic encoding

12. 11. Brief, visual sensory memory is like a snapshot, and only lasts for less than a second is called: • A) echoic memory. • B) iconic memory. • C) short-term memory. • D) immediate memory.

13. 12. Our immediate, short-term memory for new material is limited in capacity to roughly ___ bits of information. • A) 3 plus or minus 1 • B) 12 plus or minus 3 • C) 20 plus or minus 4 • D) 7 plus or minus 2

14. 13. When we remember how to do something, but cannot consciously explain it or even recall the information when asked, ___ is involved. • A) episodic memory • B) explicit memory • C) implicit memory • D) semantic memory

15. 14. The ____ of the brain plays a major role in the formation of new, explicit memories. • A) hippocampus • B) hypothalamus • C) amygdala • D) frontal lobes

16. 15. Changes in our nervous system which enhance our memory storage is known as: • A) dendrite growth. • B) next-in-line effect. • C) long-term potentiation. • D) automatic processing.

17. 16. Essay tests measure ___ and multiple choice tests measure ___. • A) long-term memory; short-term memory • B) recall; recognition • C) retrieval; clustering • D) semantic memory; visual memory

18. 17. Asked quickly to spell “shop” and then asked, “What do you do when you get to a green light?”, most people answer, “stop”. This is an example of: • A) working retrieval. • B) chunking. • C) priming. • D) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

19. 18. The tendency to recall more sad events when a person is currently sad is an example of ___ memory. • A) flashbulb • B) iconic • C) melancholic • D) mood-congruent

20. 19. When Jason learned the material, he was drunk. He could not recall it when sober, but could again remember some of it the next time he drank. This is an example of: • A) long-term potentiation of neurons. • B) the spacing effect. • C) flashbulb memory. • D) state-dependent memory.

21. 20. The best way to find information stored in memory is to use: • A) iconic memory. • B) retrieval cues. • C) auditory processing. • D) explicit memory.

22. 21. The three sins of forgetting are: • A) absent-mindedness, transience and blocking. • B) short attention, confusion, tip-of-the tongue. • C) state-dependent, false memories, amnesia. • D) misinformation, interference, recall failure.

23. 22. Jamie remembered something from a dream that she believed really happened. This is an example of the sin of: • A) somnambulism. • B) misattribution. • C) REM rebound. • D) encoding.

24. 23. Not being able to remember all the details of a common penny is an example of ___ failure. • A) state-dependent • B) recall • C) encoding • D) misinformation

25. 24: When learning something new makes recall of previously learned information more difficult, this is called: • A) proactive interference. • B) the misinformation effect. • C) retroactive interference. • D) persistence.

26. 25. Inspector Bradigan wants to call in a hypnotist to help the victim of abuse better recall repressed memories. You inform the inspector that: • A) he should only use a highly trained hypnotist. • B) recovered memories under hypnosis are unreliable. • C) the victim may be too emotional to remember. • D) he should also use a truth serum.

27. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

28. 1. Making sense of information as meaningful occurs in the process of ___ so that we may store it in memory. • A) construction • B) flashbulb • C) encoding • D) sensory memory 351

29. 2. Being able to remember major events clearly because of their emotional impact is called: • A) flashbulb memory. • B) sensory memory. • C) photographic memory. • D) traumatic memory. 351

30. 3. In the three-stage processing model of memory, the stages, in order of occurrence are: • A) flashbulb, working, long-term. • B) sensory, short-term, long-term. • C) working, short-term, long-term. • D) visual, short-term, long-term. 361

31. 4. When you solve a math problem in your head, you have to hold the information there while you calculate. This calls into play ___ memory. • A) rehearsal • B) working • C) conscious • D) arithmetic 352

32. In Baddeley’s model of working memory, the central executive function directs focus, with increased activation of the ___ of the brain. • A) frontal lobes • B) parietal lobes • C) amygdala • D) occipital lobes 352

33. 6. When studying information, like concepts in your textbook, you must work at it and pay attention. This is called ___ processing. • A) meaningful • B) deliberate • C) effortful • D) redundant 354

34. 7. Your friend says, “I wait to study all the material the night before the test, so it is fresh in my mind.” You tell him from what you have learned: • A) that you agree this is the best way to prepare for a test. • B) he should rehearse the material as many times as he can the night before the test. • C) he should audio tape the material and replay it in his sleep. • D) that he should spread his studying across many days. 352

35. 8. The “serial position effect” describes our tendency to: • A) remember what we had for breakfast. • B) remember things when they are in numerical order. • C) remember the first and last items of a list more successfully. • D) remember the first items of the list more often than the last ones. 356

36. 9. The self-reference effect refers to the increased remembering of information when: • A) someone told the person directly. • B) the person saw the even first-hand. • C) that information holds personal meaning. • D) the person has been directly accused of something. 358

37. 10. Using a method such as, “one is a bun, two is a shoe, etc.” to help you remember is a ____ device called a ____ system. • A) mnemonic; peg-word • B) semantic; chunking • C) working memory; spacing effect • D) priming; semantic encoding 359

38. 11. Brief, visual sensory memory is like a snapshot, and only lasts for less than a second is called: • A) echoic memory. • B) iconic memory. • C) short-term memory. • D) immediate memory. 362

39. 12. Our immediate, short-term memory for new material is limited in capacity to roughly ___ bits of information. • A) 3 plus or minus 1 • B) 12 plus or minus 3 • C) 20 plus or minus 4 • D) 7 plus or minus 2 362

40. 13. When we remember how to do something, but cannot consciously explain it or even recall the information when asked, ___ is involved. • A) episodic memory • B) explicit memory • C) implicit memory • D) semantic memory 367

41. 14. The ____ of the brain plays a major role in the formation of new, explicit memories. • A) hippocampus • B) hypothalamus • C) amygdala • D) frontal lobes 368

42. 15. Changes in our nervous system which enhance our memory storage is known as: • A) dendrite growth. • B) next-in-line effect. • C) long-term potentiation. • D) automatic processing. 365

43. 16. Essay tests measure ___ and multiple choice tests measure ___. • A) long-term memory; short-term memory • B) recall; recognition • C) retrieval; clustering • D) semantic memory; visual memory 370

44. 17. Asked quickly to spell “shop” and then asked, “What do you do when you get to a green light?”, most people answer, “stop”. This is an example of: • A) working retrieval. • B) chunking. • C) priming. • D) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. 372

45. 18. The tendency to recall more sad events when a person is currently sad is an example of ___ memory. • A) flashbulb • B) iconic • C) melancholic • D) mood-congruent 374

46. 19. When Jason learned the material, he was drunk. He could not recall it when sober, but could again remember some of it the next time he drank. This is an example of: • A) long-term potentiation of neurons. • B) the spacing effect. • C) flashbulb memory. • D) state-dependent memory. 374

47. 20. The best way to find information stored in memory is to use: • A) iconic memory. • B) retrieval cues. • C) auditory processing. • D) explicit memory. 371

48. 21. The three sins of forgetting are: • A) absent-mindedness, transience and blocking. • B) short attention, confusion, tip-of-the tongue. • C) state-dependent, false memories, amnesia. • D) misinformation, interference, recall failure. 376

49. 22. Jamie remembered something from a dream that she believed really happened. This is an example of the misconception of: • A) somnambulism. • B) misattribution. • C) REM rebound. • D) encoding. 376

50. 23. Not being able to remember all the details of a common penny is an example of ___ failure. • A) state-dependent • B) recall • C) encoding • D) misinformation 377