Unit 2 Reform and Expansion

1. Unit 2Reform and Expansion 1830-1850

2. I. Reform A. Religion-Americans were very religious compared to some European countries Reformers: Unitarians, led by William Channing B. Education *People wanted public school systems, but states had to figure out how to pay for them. North-some public schools with tuition requirements South-planters hired teachers for their children

3. I. Reform Noah Webster-wrote the Blue-Backed Speller (textbook) and dictionary. He simplified the language of America, unifying us in the process. Horace Mann-leader of the public education movement in Massachusetts.

4. I. Reform C. Social Reform Alexis Tocqueville-French writer who observed and reported prison conditions in the U.S. Prompted reformers to push for change in the system. Dorothea Dix-observed the treatment of the mentally ill and persuaded many states to pass laws and set up public hospitals. Also spurred prison reform.

5. I. Reform C. Social Reform Temperance Societies-wanted to curb drunkenness & convinced many states to ban the sale of alcohol. Some people decided that the evils of society could not be changed, so they created their own communities. Examples: Brook Farm-Massachusetts New Harmony-Indiana Oneida-New York

6. II. Slavery By the 1820's, over 140 antislavery societies existed. African colony of Liberia was founded for freed slaves.

7. Reformers William Lloyd Garrison-Publisher and editor of The Liberator. He called for immediate and unconditional abolition of slavery, but not violence, he was a pacifist. David Walker-free black man who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, advised blacks to fight for freedom, rather than wait on it. Charles Finney-fiery preacher who called slavery “a great national sin.”

8. Reformers Nat Turner-1831-Led a slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia. The revolt killed 55 whites and eventually led to his execution. Frederick Douglass-Runaway slave who became a superb speaker for the abolition of slavery without violence. Also began The North Star, a newspaper.

9. Reformers Sojourner Truth-former slave who shared her experiences. Harriet Tubman-became an important "conductor" on the Underground Railroad that aided runaway slaves. Opposition-Southern planters feared the destruction of their way of life. Northerners feared the destruction of the Union and also discriminated against free blacks

10. III. Women Abolitionists-Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimke, and Angelina Grimke became very outspoken. Laws and customs limited a women's role in society: they couldn't vote or own property. Women's Rights-1848-Seneca Falls Convention Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized this meeting. Several resolutions passed, basing them on the Declaration of Independence. This was the beginning of a national women's rights movement.

11. IV. Inventions A. Farming John Deere-steel plow- worked better in prairie soil Cyrus McCormick-reaper-made harvesting quicker B. Daily Life Charles Goodyear- vulcanized rubber-made boots & shoes waterproof Elias Howe/I.M. Singer- sewing machine-textile production increased and prices dropped

12. IV. Inventions C. Transportation Robert Fulton-steamboat Canals-Erie Canal, completed in 1825, helped bring the North together. Railroads-By 1850, almost 10,000 miles of track existed. More expensive, but faster. D. Communication Samuel F.B. Morse-telegraph- sped up communication, basically making it instant. Results: These inventions led to growth in manufacturing & agriculture, as well as less isolation.

13. V. Expansion *Manifest Destiny* The belief that the United States would inevitably own all lands west to the Pacific Ocean

14. V. Expansion A. 6 Reasons for Expansion 1. Hunger for land 2. New markets for goods 3. Immigration 4. Trade with China 5. Fresh start for debtors 6. Spread democracy

15. V. Expansion B. Mexico 1. In 1823, Stephen Austin led 300 families into Texas, receiving free land from the Mexican government. 2. Problems: Slavery came into Texas, but it was illegal in Mexico. Mexicans resented different language and religions of settlers. Mexican troops were sent to ensure that laws were obeyed.

16. V. Expansion 3. The Alamo-1836 President Santa Anna abolished state governments and took 6,000 troops to capture the fort/chapel called the Alamo. His forces killed all the Americans there and burned their bodies.

17. V. Expansion C. Texas Independent-1836 1. Battle of San Jacinto-Sam Houston led Texans defeated Santa Anna. Houston was later elected as the first president of the Lone Star Republic. 2. Texas was annexed into the United States in December 1845. 3. Santa Fe Trail-This trail from Missouri to New Mexico was used by traders who traveled together with their goods. It set a standard for how pioneers would travel into the west.

18. V. Expansion D. Westward Expansion 1. Oregon-claimed by 5 nations (Britain, France, Russia, Spain, and U.S.) Others had lost claims, but the U.S. and Britain were left to decide who would control it. As pioneers flooded into the territory, they wanted the British to withdraw. "54 50' or fight"-President James K. Polk (Dem) negotiated this boundary for Oregon. 2. Utah-In 1847, Brigham Young led his Mormon followers to settle at Salt Lake City.

19. VI. The Mexican War A. Causes -Mexicans were still angry about the annexation of Texas. -Mexican and American cultures clashed. B. Actions -Leaders Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott became heroes because of their victories. -California was captured by the United States. C. Results -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)-United States received large amount of land known as the Mexican Cession, agreeing to pay $15 million. -In 1853, the United States also made the Gadsden purchase for $3 million.

20. Original U.S. Louisiana Purchase Florida Texas Annexation Oregon Territory Mexican Cession Gadsden Purchase