Relative Clauses chrissmolder@yahoo.au sayfolenglish.weebly

1. Relative Clauseschrissmolder@yahoo.com.ausayfolenglish.weebly.com

2. What is a clause? A clause is a part of a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate: A subject is a noun or noun phrase. A predicate tells what the subject isor does. It must have a verb.

3. What is a clause? is a doctor. (one clause) That woman He asked if I knew the time. (two clauses) My father went to the shops but they were closed. (two clauses) subjects predicates

4. What is a relative clause? There are many kinds of clauses. A relative clauseis a clause which gives more information about a noun in a sentence. There is the boy who won the race. I remember a time when we weren’t so busy.

5. What is a relative clause? Because it is a clause, a relative clausecontains… a subject and a predicate. There is the boy who won the race. “who” = boy who won the race

6. What is a relative clause? A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun*, relative adjective or relative adverb: relative pronouns relative adjective whose that which who whom * Although sometimes a relative pronoun is preceded by a preposition. relative adverbs why where when

7. What is a relative clause? Copy the sentences. Underline the relative clauses. I am always frustrated by people who talk while watching a movie. The store no longer sold the computer that I wanted. We walked past the church where I was baptised. The man whose restaurant burned down was very sad.

8. What is a relative clause? I am always frustrated by people who talk while watching a movie. The store no longer sold the computer that I wanted. We walked past the church where I was baptised. The man whose restaurant burned down was very sad.

9. Relative Pronouns A relative clause can begin with a relative pronoun, or a relative adverb. Let’s first look at relative pronouns… A relative pronoun is a noun. It takes the place of the subject or an object of a relative clause. • Let’s talk again about subjects. We’ll use a simple sentence (not a sentence with a relative clause) as our example…

10. Subjects and Objects • Remember that a subject is a noun or noun phrase. It doesthe action in a sentence or clause. I threw the ball to my brother. Who or what did the throwing? “I” – So, “I” is the subject of the sentence. • Now let’s talk about objects…

11. Subjects and Objects • An object is also a noun or noun phrase. It receivesthe action in a sentence or clause. I threw the ball to my brother. Who or what was thrown? “the ball” – “the ball” is a direct object To whom or what was it thrown? “my brother” – “my brother” is an indirect object Now let’s look at relative clauses again…

12. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are nouns. So, they can act as the subject of a relative clause. Look again at our first example : There is the boy who won the race. “who” = the boy who won the race Who or what did the winning? “who” – “who” is the subject

13. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns can also act as the object of a relative clause. Let’s look at a new example…

14. Relative Pronouns There is the boy to whom I gave the trophy. “whom” = the boy to I the trophy whom gave Who or what does the giving? This is the subject. Who or what is given? This is the direct object. Who or what it is given to? This is the indirect object. So, “whom” is an object. Let’s look at another example…

15. Relative Pronouns This is the book that she showed me. “that” = the book she me that showed Who or what does the showing? This is the subject. Who or what is shown? This is the direct object. Who or what it is shown to? This is the indirect object. So, “that” is an object.

16. Relative Pronouns Copy the relative clauses. Underline the verb. Circle the relative pronoun. Write S for subject or O for object. Last summer they traveled to Rome, which is in Italy. The bicycle that I ride to school is quite old. The lady who lives next door needs a babysitter. The book that I got from the library is due tomorrow.

17. Relative Pronouns Copy the relative clauses. Verbs are underlined. Relative pronouns are circled. S is for subject pronoun and O for object pronoun. 1which is in Italy S 2 that I ride to school O 3 who lives next door S 4 that I got from the library O

18. Relative Pronouns So, why do we care if the pronoun is acting as a subject or an object? One reason is, that if it is acting as an object we can (and often do!) leave the pronoun out: The bicycle that I ride to school is quite old. The book that I got from the library is due tomorrow. The bicycle I ride to school is quite old. The book I got from the library is due tomorrow.

19. Relative Pronouns Note, however, that if the preposition is before the relative pronoun or adjective, it has to be moved to the end of the clause. The manager is the person towhom you should send the information. 1 original sentence 2 take out preposition + object pronoun The manager is the person towhom you should send the information. The manager is the person you should send the information to. 3 add pronoun to end of clause

20. Relative Pronouns Write the sentences. Cross out the unnecessary relative pronouns. This is the store which I bought those horrible grapes at. A kangaroo is an animal that has a pouch. They are the people that I was telling you about. This is the school that I went to when I was a boy.

21. Relative Pronouns We can also leave out the relative pronoun and the verb BE when the pronoun is a subject pronoun and it is followed by BE. The person who is on the phone is a student. The person on the phone is a student. The man who was sitting next to me offered me a piece of gum. The man sitting next to me offered me a piece of gum.

22. Relative Pronouns Write the sentences. Cross out the unnecessary relative pronouns and verbs. I want to watch the news that is on channel 11. It belongs to the person who is wearing the red shirt. That is a tool that is used to peel off paint. My sister is the one who likes spinach--not me. They are the people who are able to help you.

23. Relative Pronouns There is another reason to care if the pronoun is acting as a subject or an object: In the case of who and whom, it affects which pronoun we use. Who is a subject pronoun, and whom is an object pronoun. Compare: My sister is the one who sent the letter. “who” = my sister “My sister” sent the letter. We use who. My sister is the one to whom I sent the letter. “whom” = my sister “My sister” received the letter. We use whom.

24. Relative Pronouns Write who or whom. whom 1 A man ________ I recognised, entered the theatre. whom 2 We don’t know ________ you are talking about. 3 James is a person ________ likes to help. who who 4 I don’t know ________ is coming to the party.

25. Relative Adjective: whose Whose is a possessive adjective (like his, her, and its): He is the man • whose phone I borrowed. Here, “whose” shows that the phone belongs to “the man.” Note that whose + noun act together as a noun phrase. This phrase can be a subject or an object. Which is it in the example above?

26. Relative Adjective: whose Do not confuse who’s with whose! Who’s means who + is or who + has. It is not possessive. Compare: The man who’s sitting next to you is wearing purple socks. “who’s” = who is That is the lady whose dog ate my flowers. “whose” shows that the “dog” belongs to “the lady”

27. Pronouns and Adjectives Write who or whose. 1 He is a famous architect. His designs won an international award last year. whose He is a famous architect ________ designs won an international award last year. 2 This is Mary. She is taking over my job when I leave. who This is Mary, ________ is taking over my job when I leave.

28. Pronouns and Adjectives Write who or whose. 3 The President of the company is visiting us next week. He is a friend of the Manager. who • The President of the company, ________ is a friend of the manager, is visiting us next week. 4 He is a consultant. I rely on his advice. whose He is the consultant ________ advice I rely on.

29. Relative Adverbs Now let’s look at relative adverbs…

30. Relative Adverbs Relative adverbs are adverbs, of course! They introduce a relative clause but can never act as a subject or object. • However, the rest of the clause still has a subject and a predicate. Remember, a predicate must contain a verb. It might also have an object or objects. Look at the following example…

31. Relative Adverbs I remember a time when we never used a computer. when we never used a computer Who or what does the using? This is the subject. Who or what is used? This is the direct object. So, “when” is neither a subject or an object. It is an adverb used to introduce the clause. It tells us how things were done in “a time”.

32. Pronouns and Adverbs Here is the list of pronouns and adverbs again… relative pronouns that which whom who relative adverbs why where when

33. Relative Pronouns Earlier you saw that (in formal English) we often have to use a preposition before a relative object pronoun: This is the book in whichguests can write their names. This is the time by which we must stop. This is the reason for which we must follow the rules. This can be awkward, so we often replace the preposition + object pronoun with an adverb…

34. Pronouns and Adverbs Relative adverbs can be used in place of relative objectpronouns. This allows us to leave out the preposition. This is the book in whichguests can write their names. This is the time by which we must stop. This is the reason for which we must follow the rules. This is the book whereguests can write their names. This is the time when we must stop. This is the reason why we must follow the rules.

35. Pronouns and Adverbs Here is a handy table from English 4U to help you out:

36. Pronouns and Adverbs Rewrite the sentences. Leave out the preposition + object pronoun pairs and replace them with a relative adverb. This is the store at which I bought those horrible grapes. It began the year in which we met. It is the reason for which they have not come. This is the store at whichwhere I bought those horrible grapes. It began the year in whichwhen we met. It is the reason for whichwhy they have not come.

37. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses Relative clauses can be defining or non-defining. A defining clause contains necessaryinformation: What woman? The woman has been arrested. Oh, I see! The woman who lives next door has been arrested.

38. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses The purpose of a defining relative clause is to tell us who or what we are talking about. What house? They’ve sold the house. They’ve sold the house that is on the corner. Oh! Why didn’t you say so?

39. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses A non-defining clause gives interesting information that is notnecessary. Oh yes. I think, so too. Mrs. Jackson is very nice. Mrs. Jackson, who I’ve seen twice this week, is very nice. How lovely that you’ve seen her twice.

40. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses • Use who/m or that with defining clauses. Use who or that! The person who called left a message. Avoid using which. The book that was missing was found.

41. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses • Use who/m or which with non-defining clauses. Use who or which! Richard, whom I’ve known for years, works for a charity. Don’t use that. English, which is my favourite subject, is during the 5th lesson.

42. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses Use commas with non-defining relative clauses. Richard,whom I have known for years, works for a charity. English,which is my favourite subject, is during the 5th lesson.

43. Defining and Non-Defining Clauses Write defining or non-defining. People who volunteer say that it makes them happy. defining My friend, who is usually so quiet, won the karaoke competition! non-defining I told the secret to my brother, who will probably tell my parents. non-defining I like the skirt that has a picture on it. defining

44. This is the slide that ends this lengthy presentation!