Chapter 14 Section 2

1. Chapter 14Section 2 Social Crisis, War, and Revolution

2. Objectives: • Describe the results of the Thirty Years’ War • Explain the Witchcraft Trials • Analyze the revolutions in England

3. Economic and Social Crisis • From 1560-1650 Europe experienced economic and social problems. • Economic problem- Inflation: rising prices • Gold from Americas, Increased Population • 1600- Economic slowdown, • Spain’s economy fell by 1640 due to less American silver, pirates, and decrease in artisans. • 1620- Population declined

4. The Witchcraft Trials • Belief in witchcraft, or magic, had been culturally significant for centuries. • The Inquisition soon focused on witchcraft, and Europe was seized with hysteria. • More than 1,000 people were accused, and 75% were women. • Accused witches were tortured and usually confessed to various things. • By 1650 the witchcraft hysteria had lessened, and as government strengthened they were not tolerant to disruptions.

5. The Thirty Years’ War • Religious disputes continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 • Reason: It didn’t recognize Calvinism. • Religion, politics, and territory all played a role in the Thirty Years’ War, called the “last of the religious wars.” • The war began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 as a fight between the Hapsburg HRE and the Protestant nobles in Bohemia. • The nobles rebelled against the Hapsburgs, and all major European countries but England became involved.

6. Struggle between France and Spain with the HRE for European Leadership. • Battle took place on German soil. • Ended by The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, with France as the victor. • The Peace of Westphalia said that all German states could decide their own religion and ended the Holy Roman Empire. • Germany would be divided for nearly 200 years.

7. Highlights of the thirty years war • Most destructive war of Europe to date. • Flintlock musket with bayonet • Increased use of firearms, more movable armies, and government supported military. • By 1700, France had a standing army of 400,000.

8. Revolutions in England • Where in the world is there still conflict between Catholics and Protestants? • 17th century saw England’s civil war, known as the English Revolution. • It was a struggle between Parliament and the king to determine the power of each in governing England.

9. The Stuarts and Divine Rights • The Tudor dynasty ended with Elizabeth’s death in 1608. • The Stuart king of Scotland, James I, ascended the throne. • He believed in the divine right of kings, but Parliament wanted an equal role in governing England.

10. Religion was an issue as well. • Puritans (one group of English Calvinists) disagreed with the kings defense of the Church of England, wanting it to be more Protestant. • Many Puritans served in the House of Commons, giving them power. • Conflict erupted under Charles I, who believed in the divine right of kings, like his father.

11. 1628: Parliament passed a petition prohibiting passing taxes without their consent. • At first Charles agreed, but later changed his mind. • Charles also tried to add rituals to the Protestant service, which Pilgrims believed was like Catholicism. • Thousands of pilgrims went to the America’s rather than follow Charles’s religious policies.

12. Civil War and the Commonwealth • Civil War broke out in 1642 between supporters of the kings (Cavaliers, or Royalists) and those of Parliament (Roundheads) • Roundheads won largely because of the New Model Army and it’s leader, Oliver Cromwell. • Cromwell’s army was made up of extreme Puritans, known as Independents, who believed they were doing battle for God.

13. Cromwell purged Parliament of those who did not support him. • Had Parliament execute Charles I in 1649, which horrified Europe. • Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords, and declared a republic, or commonwealth. • Cromwell soon dismissed Parliament and set up a military dictatorship, and ruled until his death in 1658.

14. The Restoration • Parliament restored the monarchy. • Charles II took the throne and under the restored Stuart monarchy. • Parliament regained new control and restored the Church of England. • This restricted the rights of Catholics and Puritans. • In 1685, James II became king. He was a devote Catholic.

15. The Glorious Revolution • Parliament did not want James II’s Catholic son to assume the throne. • English noblemen invited the Dutch leader, William of Orange, husband of James’s daughter Mary, to invade England. • William and Mary raised an army and marched to England. • James and his family fled with almost no violence, and England underwent its “Glorious Revolution”- but who would be monarch?

16. William and Mary accepted the throne in 1689, along with the Bill of Rights • The Bill of Rights: • allowed Parliament to make laws and raise taxes • Citizens allowed to bear arms • Trial by jury • Created a government based on the rule of the law and a freely elected Parliament. • Laid the grounds for a limited, or constitutional, monarchy

17. The Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship. • Few English citizens were persecuted for religion ever again. • By deposing one king and establishing another, Parliament had destroyed the divine right theory of kingship.

18. Closure: • Top 5 on Section 2

19. Homework/Classwork • Page 439 1,2,4-6