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flrEcj&vDrwcj ikB;Øe ¼x|dky½ 1857&1920 uotkxj.k ;qx

flrEcj&vDrwcj ikB;Øe ¼x|dky½ 1857&1920 uotkxj.k ;qx 19loha lnh dk vkSifuosf”kd Hkkjr vkSj fgUnh uotkxj.k caxky esa vk/kqfud dky dk mn; vkSj e/;dky dk vUr fgUnh dk u, :Ik esa mHkjuk. lu~ 1873 esa ^gfj”panz* if=dk dk izdk”ku gfj”panz iwoZ Vdlkyh x| dh jpuk

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flrEcj&vDrwcj ikB;Øe ¼x|dky½ 1857&1920 uotkxj.k ;qx

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  1. flrEcj&vDrwcj ikB;Øe ¼x|dky½ 1857&1920 uotkxj.k ;qx • 19loha lnh dk vkSifuosf”kd Hkkjr vkSj fgUnh uotkxj.k • caxky esa vk/kqfud dky dk mn; vkSj e/;dky dk vUr • fgUnh dk u, :Ik esa mHkjuk

  2. lu~ 1873 esa ^gfj”panz* if=dk dk izdk”ku gfj”panz iwoZ Vdlkyh x| dh jpuk fuca/k ds vfrfjDr ukVd] miU;kl vkSj ys[ku dh “kq:vkrA

  3. fuca/k jpuk HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz vk/qfud fgUnh x| ds tudA HkkjrsUnq i=k esa ,sfrgkfld] iqjko`rkRed] /kfeZd vk[;kRed] lkfgfR;d] Hkk"kkijd] ;k=kRed thouh] fopkjkRed fuca/kksa dh jpukA HkkjrsUnq dk fgUnh Hkk"kk ds izfr fo”ks"k izse

  4. ^^futHkk"kk mUufr vgS] lc mUufr dkS ewy** HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds izeq[k ukVddkj] ckyd`".k HkVV~] izrkiukjk;.k feJA ckyd`".k HkVV~ us 1872 esa fgUnh izrhi dk laiknuA HkVV~ ds fuca/kksa esa fo"k;oLrq vkSj “kSyh dk oSfo/;

  5. izrkiukjk;.k feJ us ^czkgE.k* uked i= fudkykA buds fuca/kksa dk LÙkj HkkjrsUnq ds fuca/kksa ls feyrk gSA buds fuca/kksa esa O;aX; dh iSuh /kkj fo|eku FkhA mnkgj.kLo:Ik% D;k iz;kxjkt esa vaxzsth jkT; ugha gS\ D;k ogka pqaxh ugha gS\

  6. D;k ogka “kjkc ugha gS\ D;k ogka xksjs jax dk v;ksX; i{kikr ugh gS\ bl ;qx ds vU; ys[kdksa esa] gfj”panz mik/;k;] fouk;d “kkL=h] cSrky] jk/kkje.k xksLokeh eksguyky] Hkhelsu “kekZ vkfn

  7. egkohj izlkn f}osnh] jkepanz “kqDy] panz/kj “kekZ xqysjh gtkjhizlkn f}osnh ds fuca/kksa dh bekjr HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds fuca/kksa ij gh jph x;hA

  8. ukVd lkfgR; dk mnHk~o vkSj fodkl [kM+h cksyh dk fgUnh esa izFke ukVd jktk y{e.kflag dk ^”kdqUryk* ukVd gSA tks fd dkfynkl ds ’kdqUryk ukVd dk fgUnh vuqokn gSA HkkjrsUnq fyf[kr ukVd ^fo|klqUnj* 1968 esa caxyk ls vuqfnr gSA HkkjrsUnq gfj’panz us ^ugq"k* dks fgUnh dk igyk ukVd ekuk gSA HkkjrsUnq us laLd`r caxyk vkSj vaxzsth ds ukVdksa dk vuqokn fd;kA

  9. Hkkjrsanq ;qx esa ekSfyd ukVdksa dh Hkh jpuk gqbZA tSlsfd panzkoyh] izsetksfxuh] HkkjrnqnZ”kk]Hkkjrtuuh] va/ksjuxjhA bl ;qx ds fo/kklqanj] jRukoyh] eqnzkjk{kl lR; gfj”panz] diwjZeatjh] nqyZHkca/k vkfn vuwfnr ukVd gSA

  10. miU;kl lkfgR; dk mn~Hko vkSj fodklA fgUnh miU;kl ijaijk esa fgUnh ds izFke miU;kl dh drkj esa vusd miU;kl fo|eku FksA nsojkuh tsBkuh dh dgkuh ¼1870½] okek f”k{kd ¼1872½] HkkX;orh ¼1872½] ijh{kk xq: ¼1882½] vkfnA

  11. J}kjke fQYykSjh ds ^HkkX;orh* miU;kl dks fgUnh dk izFke miU;kl ekuk tkrk gSA loZizFke fryLeh o tklwlh miU;klksa dh jpuk gqbZA fgUnh miU;kl txr eas izsepan dk vkxeu ,d ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ekuh tkrh gSA t;”kadj izlkn] fujkyk us Hkh miU;kl ys[ku esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA

  12. euksoSKkfud miU;kldkjksa esa tksxsUnz vkSj bykpanz tks”kh dk uke Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa iz;ksxoknh o izxfroknh miU;klksa ds lkFk&lkFk bl le; O;fDrijd eukSoSKkfud lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] jktuhfrd miU;kl Hkh jps x;sA vusd u;s miU;kldkjksa dk vkxeu gtkjhizlkn f}osnh] misanzukFk v’kd] ve`ryky ukxj] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ vkfnA

  13. dgkuh dk mnHk~o vkSj fodkl lu~ 1900 ls 1915 rd dgkuh vius igys nkSj ls xqtj jgh FkhA fd’kksjhyky xksLokeh dh ^bUnqefr* dgkuh lu~ 1900 esa izdkf”kr gqbZA jkepanz”kqDy us ^bUnqefr* dks fgUnh dh igyh dgkuh ekuk gSA 1903 esa jkepanz dh ^X;kjg o’kZ dk le;* izdkf”kr gqbZA

  14. 1903 esa gh caxefgyk dh ^nqykbZokyh* dgkuh izdkf”kr gqbZA 1911 esa t;”kadjizlkn dh ^xzke* ¼dgkuh½ 1913 esa jktkjkf/kdkje.k izlkn flag dh ^dkuksa esa daxuk*A lu~ 1915 esa panz/kj “kekZ xqysjh dh ^mlus dgk Fkk* dgkuh izdkf”kr gqbZA

  15. Lku~ 1915 esa gh izsepan dh igyh dgkuh ^lkSr* dh jpuk gqbZA lu~ 1916 esa izsepan dh ^cM+s ?kj dh csVh* dgkuh izdkf’kr gqbZA bl izdkj fgUnh dgkuh dk mnHko ,oa fodkl mUufr ij FkkA

  16. dkO; dh ifjHkk’kk vFkZ ,oa Lo:Ik • vkpk;Z “kqDy ds vuqlkj ^^ftl izdkj vkRek dh eqDrkoLFkk Kku n”kk dgykrh gS mlh izdkj g`n; dh eqDrkoLFkk jl n”kk dgykrh gSA g`n; dh bl eqfDr lk/kuk ds fy, euq’; dh ok.kh tks “kCn fo/kku djrh gS mls dfork dgrs gSa**

  17. dfork lkfgR; dh izeq[k fo/kk gS • vkjEHk esa x|] i|] ukVd] pEiw vkfn lHkh ds fy, dkO; “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA • vkt ge ek=k dkO; dk vFkZ dfork rd lhfer j[krs gSa dkO; ds Hksn%& • ik”pkR; fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj vkReijd dkO;

  18. fo’k;ijd dkO; Hkkjrh; ijEijk dkO; Hksn%& • x| i| • n`”; dkO; JO; dkO; • mRke dkO; v/ke dkO; • izca/k dkO; eqDrd dkO; • egkdkO; [k.MdkO; • xhfrdkO;

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