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Ｐｏｓｔ　Ｆｕｋｕｓｈｉｍａ　ａｎｄ　 ３Ｓ（ Nuclear Ｓ ecurit ｙ， Ｓ afe ty ａｎｄ　Ｓａｆｅｇｕａｒｄｓ）

Ｐｏｓｔ　Ｆｕｋｕｓｈｉｍａ　ａｎｄ　 ３Ｓ（ Nuclear Ｓ ecurit ｙ， Ｓ afe ty ａｎｄ　Ｓａｆｅｇｕａｒｄｓ）. Ｋｅｎｊｉ　Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉ Ｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇ　Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｔｏｋｙｏ　Ｃｉｔｙ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ. Lessons Learned from Fukushima Accident. Accident beyond all expectation Possible to happen could happen in worst way Critical initial response

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Ｐｏｓｔ　Ｆｕｋｕｓｈｉｍａ　ａｎｄ　 ３Ｓ（ Nuclear Ｓ ecurit ｙ， Ｓ afe ty ａｎｄ　Ｓａｆｅｇｕａｒｄｓ）

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  1. Ｐｏｓｔ　Ｆｕｋｕｓｈｉｍａ　ａｎｄ　３Ｓ（Nuclear Ｓecuritｙ，Ｓafetyａｎｄ　Ｓａｆｅｇｕａｒｄｓ） Ｋｅｎｊｉ　Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉ Ｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇ　Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｔｏｋｙｏ　Ｃｉｔｙ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ

  2. Lessons Learned from Fukushima Accident • Accident beyond all expectation Possible to happen could happen in worst way • Critical initial response Contain impact and minimize damage • Public reaction and social order Fear of radiation and lack of information • Adequate accident response and management Coordination, communication and quick response

  3. Impact of Fukushima Accident • Preparedness for major disaster response Prepare for the unexpected and normal time practice • Nuclear disaster caused by nature or mankind Vulnerability of nuclear plant to external event • Adequate risk assessment and damage control Robust and flexible assessment of all risks and anticipated damages • Consideration of elements of 3S for major disaster Prevention, response, control and management

  4. ３Ｓ（Security, Safety and Safeguards) • Factors Safety Security Safeguards • Threat Human error, natural cause, • Design error Non-state actors: terrorists, criminals, protestors State (political decision) • Timeliness Real time/immediate Real time/immediate > Months • Role of State Regulates safe operation Regulates physical protection Regulates accounting and control • Role of IAEA Issue safety standards Issue security Recommendations Verify compliance to agreements

  5. Main Legal Framework of 3S • Binding legal framework - NPT, Safeguards Agreement, Additional Protocol - Conventions of PP(2005),Nuclear safety, accident early notification and assistance, safety of SF & waste - UNSC resolutions 1373, 1540 ; UNGC 52, 56 and others • Non-binding legal framework - Codes of conduct on safety/security of radioactive sources , research reactor - INFCIRC/225/Rev5 and others There is no common and comprehensive legal instrument for all 3S

  6. Concluding Remarks • Adherence to Nuclear security, safety and safeguards is a commitment by each State - Each State should implement balanced approach of 3S • High standard of nuclear security is essential for peaceful use of nuclear energy - Effective and broader application of security measure by each State is necessary • Need for common and universal rules for 3S -Many legal instruments exist but none comprehensive to cover 3S • Collective security arrangements and mutual cooperation -Needed to promote transparency and benefits

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