La Puente High School La Puente, California

1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Nuclear Disarment Benchmark One Critical Issues Forum 2009-2010 Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies La Puente High School La Puente, California

2. Authors • Stephanie Ayon • Adan Gonzalez • Elizabeth Jimenez • Rigoberto Lopez • Arthur Ortiz • Cesar Torres • Advisor • Mr. Andrew King

3. Table of Contents

4. Abstract Following the Second World War, both the United States and Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear arms race to develop a superior weapons system. Since 1948, with the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States had been the only country to have possessed and used a nuclear weapon. To maintain its nuclear supremacy, the United States further developed new long range bombers as a means of delivering their nuclear weapons. [1] The United States’ nuclear monopoly was short-lived with the detonation of the Soviet Union’s first atomic weapon in 1949. The detonation of the RDS-1 (aka First Lightning, Joe 1) asserted the Soviet Union’s rise to nuclear prominence. Coupled with the divergent ideologies of Capitalism and Communism, the nuclear age signaled the beginning of the Cold War. [2] Throughout the second half of the 20th century, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in nuclear posturing resulting in the massive increase of their nuclear stockpiles and delivery systems. In that time, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, and Pakistan developed nuclear capabilities, resulting in the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the bilateral and multilateral agreements to reduce and disarm their nuclear stockpiles, both the United States and the Russian Federation continue to consider nuclear weapons as a means of national defense. Their continuing refusal to dismantle their nuclear arsenals threatens the goals of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and our hopes for a nuclear weapons free world. In an effort to educate others about the history and dangers of nuclear proliferation, this paper will discuss: 1)The History of Nuclear Weapons, 2) The Types of Nuclear Weapons, 3) The Process of Nuclear Enrichment and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, 4)The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 5) The Nuclear Treaties, and 6) The Current Challenges to Nonproliferation. [1] John J Newman, John M Schmalbach. UNITED STATES HISTORY: PREPARING FOR THE ADVANCED PLACEMENT EXAMINATION. New York: Amsco, 2003 [2] http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20090831/155977682.html

5. SECTION I Purpose for the original development of nuclear weapons

6. Purpose for Original Development Germany Japan The original development of Nuclear Energy in Germany began in April 1939, right after the discovery of nuclear fission in January. The Germans intended on using nuclear energy to sway the Pacific theatre of WWII in their favor. [1] The original development of Nuclear weapons began in Japan during WWII. The development was in response to the apparent threat of its enemies (mainly the US).[2] [1] German nuclear energy project. (2010, January 16). Retrieved from http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/German_nuclear_energy_project [2] Tale of two cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (2010, January 16). Retrieved from http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/twocities/index.shtml

7. SECTION II The nuclear firsts: trinity, little boy, and fat man

8. The Manhattan project • The Manhattan project was initiated in June 1942, when Vannever Bush gave informed President Roosevelt that is was possible to create an atomic bomb in time to influence the outcome World War II. Colonel James C. Marshall was directed to form a new engineer district, and Colonel Leslie R. Groves was the Deputy Chief of the construction of the district. Groves would later replace Marshal and is credited with the launch of the project. • Three major uranium enrichment plants were then built in Oak Ridge Tennessee, Which were code-named Y-12, K-25 and S-50. The Y-12 plant produced all of the enriched uranium needed for the first atomic bomb. • In October 15, 1942 General Groves appoints J. Robert Oppenheimer as the Director of a new bomb design laboratory, who then chose the Los Alamos site in New Mexico. Under the Manhattan project the Los Alamos site served as the main nuclear weapon design and production facility. Under Oppenheimer's guidance, the laboratories at Los Alamos were constructed. [2] • [1]http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Oppenheimer.shtml • [2] Loeber, C.R. (2005). Building the bomb: a history of the nuclear weapons complex. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Sandia National Laboratories. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Leslie_Groves.jpg/470px-Leslie_Groves.jpg

9. The Manhattan project • There, he brought the best minds in physics to work on the problem of creating an atomic bomb. In the end, he was managing more than 3,000 people, as well as tackling theoretical and mechanical problems that arose. He is often referred to as the "father" of the atomic bomb. The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the first nuclear explosion at Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, which Oppenheimer named "Trinity."[1] • The interim committee recommended that the atomic bomb used against Japan on a dual target and to be used without warning. • In spite of the scientific hurdles the project met its objective. On July 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was detonated, and two different designs were developed the Little Boy and Fat Man. http://www.nndb.com/people/130/000026052/vannevar-bush-1-sized.jpg [1]http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Oppenheimer.shtml [2] Loeber, C.R. (2005). Building the bomb: a history of the nuclear weapons complex. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Sandia National Laboratories.

10. Little Boy Fat Man 2nd bomb launched by the United States [4] Implosion type bomb [1] Sent to attack Nagasaki [1] Killed , 74,000 of the 286,000 people living in Nagasaki at the time of the blast, meanwhile 75,000 ended with severe injuries. [4] Success at helping to end WW2 [5] Constructed in 1945 [3] 1st bomb launched by US [2] Successful launch Detonated on Aug. 6, 1945 Sent to attack Hiroshima [3] Success at showing the devastating power In an instant, 80,000 to 140,000 people were killed and 100,000 more were seriously injured. [2] [1] "fat man" atomic bomb. (2010, January 16). Retrieved from http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1016 [2] Little Boy. (2010, February 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:43, February 25, 2010, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Boy&oldid=346387347 [3] "little boy" atomic bomb. (2010, January 16). Retrieved from http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1026 [4] Fat Man. (2010, February 22). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:10, February 26, 2010, fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fat_Man&oldid=345607213 [5] Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (2010, February 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 00:19, February 26, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&oldid=344075403 [image] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_boy.jpg

11. Little Boy: A Gun-Type Bomb The Little Boy bomb design consisted of a gun that fired one mass of uranium 235 at another mass of uranium 235, therefore creating a supercritical mass. However a problem and crucial requirement, was that the uranium pieces had to be brought together in a time shorter time than the time between spontaneous fissions. Once the two pieces of uranium are brought together, the initiator introduces a burst of neutrons and the chain reaction begins, continuing until the energy released becomes so great that the bomb simply blows itself apart. [1][2] Image: http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Images/littleboy.jpg [1] http://www.fi.edu/guide/wester/history.html [2] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission7.shtml

12. SECTION III The process of nuclear enrichment and the nuclear fuel cycle

13. The Raw Materials Uranium is a silvery white metallic chemical element. In nature it only comes in U-238, U-235 and U-234. American Scientists estimate that Uranium needs to be refined to a concentration of at least 80 percent U-235 to be at weapons grade. In order to refine Uranium at such a high concentration, it must be refined by the Nuclear Fuel cycle.

14. Uranium Mining and Milling Uranium ores can be excavated and mined from the ground by an open pit or an underground mine. Milling extracts the Uranium from the ore. It produces a Uranium oxide concentrate which is referred to as “yellow cake” and generally contains more then 80% uranium. The remaining material becomes tailings. These are radioactive and are separated from the public. Nguyen, T. (2009, September 22). Why Its so hard to make nuclear weapons. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/technology/090922-nuclear-weapons-science.html [Images] www.world-nuclear.orq/info/info03.html

15. Conversion and Enrichment The uranium oxide product of a Uranium mill is not directly usable as a fuel for a nuclear reactor. and only .7% is “fissile”, or capable of fission. This form is Uranium-235. The rest is U-238. For most reactors the U-235 isotopes have to be increased by 3.5%-5% to achieve critical mass. This is done by enrichment. Enrichment separates gaseous Uranium into two streams. Uranium is piped into a cylinder which is then spun at 100,000rpm. The rotation causes a centrifugal force that leaves the heavier U-238 isotopes at the walls of the centrifuge, while the lighter U-235 isotopes are left at the center. The enriched Uranium can then be used for Nuclear weapons or fuel reactors while the depleted is sent to the MOX fuel fabrication facility. The product at this stage of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle is enriched Uranium hexafluoride. Nguyen, T. (2009, September 22). Why Its so hard to make nuclear weapons. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/technology/090922-nuclear-weapons-science.html www.world-nuclear.orq/info/info03.html

16. Types of Nuclear Weapons There are two types of Nuclear weapons: Fission bombs and Fusion bombs [1] Fission Bomb [3] Fusion Bomb[2] [1] http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq1.html [2]http://www.zamandayolculuk.com/cetinbal/PU/p601.jpg [3]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fission_bomb_assembly_methods.svg/428px-Fission_bomb_assembly_methods.svg.png

17. Nuclear Fission A chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in fission produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. [1] This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and the process repeats. The process may be controlled (nuclear power) or uncontrolled (nuclear weapons). [1][2] At the point where the chain reaction can become self-sustaining, this is referred to as critical mass.[1] When a nucleus fissions, it splits into several smaller fragments. These fragments, or fission products, are about equal to half the original mass. Two or three neutrons are also emitted. [3] [1] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission2.shtml [2] http://www.thebaltimorecitycollege.org/science/mcameron/notes/Unit%206.ppt [3] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Fission1.shtml [image 1] http://cactus.dixie.edu/smblack/chem1010/images/Unit_4/4E_fission.jpg [image 2] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fission/Images/chainreaction.jpg

18. Nuclear Fusion The fusion bomb is a lot different from fission bombs, in that they are much more advanced and also much more devastating. However, fusion bombs use both fission and fusion. Due to the high temperature required for fusion, a fission reaction occurs first to provide the necessary energy required for fusion to take place. Fission usually takes place in a material such as lithium. A neutron reacts with lithium-6 to make the form of hydrogen known as H-3 or tritium. Next, these molecules join with H-2 (deuterium). When this happens, helium is produced, along with neutrons and energy in the form of alpha particles. This type of bomb is known as a hydrogen bomb.[1] [1] http://www.zamandayolculuk.com/cetinbal/nuclearweapons3.htm [image] http://www.lancs.ac.uk/ug/hussainw/fusion.jpg

19. The Reactor In the reactor the nuclei of the u-235 splits, releasing energy. This energy heats up water to create steam. The steam powers a turbine and a generator. Powering up any device or outlet connected to the generator. Nguyen, T. (2009, September 22). Why Its so hard to make nuclear weapons. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/technology/090922-nuclear-weapons-science.html www.world-nuclear.orq/info/info03.html

20. Storage The nuclear fuel rods are either stored for re processing. The uranium can also be used as the chemical reaction for the warhead of a nuclear bomb. According to scientist you need about 33 pounds of enriched uranium for a working nuclear bomb. To be used as the fissile core of a nuclear weapon, the uranium has to be enriched to more than 90 per cent and be produced in large quantities. “little boy”, the nuclear bomb detonated in Japan, used 140 pounds of enriched uranium. Nguyen, T. (2009, September 22). Why Its so hard to make nuclear weapons. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/technology/090922-nuclear-weapons-science.html www.world-nuclear.orq/info/info03.html

21. Fuel Fabrication Reactor fuel is generally in the form of ceramic pellets. These are formed from pressed uranium oxide which is sintered (baked) at a high temperature over 1400c (2552f). The pellets are then encased in metal tubes to form fuel rods, which are arranged into a fuel assembly ready for introduction into a reactor. In a fuel fabrication plant great care is taken with the size and shape of processing fuel rods to avoid a radiation leak. Nguyen, T. (2009, September 22). Why Its so hard to make nuclear weapons. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/technology/090922-nuclear-weapons-science.html www.world-nuclear.orq/info/info03.html

22. Using the Uranium in a Nuclear Bomb Nuclear fission The act of splitting the atom of a molecule. Nuclear fission produces energy for nuclear bombs. This is possible when nuclear fuels, such as 3.5%-5% U-235, undergo fission when struck by free neutrons and in turn generate more neutrons when they break apart. This creates a chain reaction of elements breaking apart releasing energy, more precisely explosions. One fission explosion releases about 2 hundred million Ev, as compared to only a few Ev from a 100 pound TnT explosion. The difficulty in splitting the atom is that you must first compact about 100 pounds of TnT around a sphere of enriched uranium. Which is already unstable, so a mistake could result in an atomic explosion. Nguyen, T. (2009, September 22). Why Its so hard to make nuclear weapons. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/technology/090922-nuclear-weapons-science.html

23. SECTION IV The effects of nuclear weapons

24. Effects of Nuclear Weapons The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be divided into four basic categories. Blast—40-50% of total energy Thermal radiation—30-50% of total energy Ionizing radiation—5% of total energy Residual radiation—5-10% of total energy[1] [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions#cite_note-2

25. Blast The major incendiary effect of nuclear explosions is caused by the blast wave. An estimate of the size of the damage caused by the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A modern hydrogen bomb would be tens[3] of times more powerful and cause similar levels of damage at 2-5 times the distance. [1] [image] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abombdamage1945.svg [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions#cite_note-2

26. Thermal Radiation A primary form of energy from a nuclear explosion is thermal radiation. This radiation is the main cause of skin burns and eye injuries suffered by exposed individuals and causes combustible materials to break into flames. Therefore it affects humans both directly and indirectly The first pulse, which lasts about a tenth of a second, consists of radiation in the ultraviolet region. The second pulse which may last for several seconds, carries about 99 percent of the total thermal radiation energy. [1] The thermal pulse charring the paint. [1] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects7.shtml [image] http://www.prepare4war.com/survival_guides/info/images/nw062a.jpg

27. Initial Radiation Initial nuclear radiation is defined as the radiation that arrives during the first minute after an explosion, and is mostly gamma radiation and neutron radiation. The level of initial nuclear radiation decreases rapidly with distance from the fireball to where less than one roentgen may be received five miles from ground zero. In addition, initial radiation lasts only as long as nuclear fission occurs in the fireball. Initial nuclear radiation represents about 3 percent of the total energy in a nuclear explosion. Though people close to ground zero may receive lethal doses of radiation, they are concurrently being killed by the blast wave and thermal pulse. In typical nuclear weapons, only a relatively small proportion of deaths and injuries result from initial radiation. [1][2] [1] http://www.wissenschaftsparlament.eu/forums/finding-the-focal-topic-2010/666/radiation-effects [2] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects14.shtml

28. Residual Radiation The residual radiation from a nuclear explosion is mostly from the radioactive fallout. This radiation comes from the weapon debris, fission products, and, in the case of a ground burst, radiated soil. There are over 300 different fission products that may result from a fission reaction. Many of these are radioactive with widely differing half-lives. Some are very short, while a few are long enough that the materials can be a hazard for months or years. Their principal mode of decay is by the emission of beta particles and gamma radiation. [1] [1] http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects14.shtml

29. SECTION V History of the proliferation and control of nuclear weapons

30. History of Legal Proliferation Amongst the NWS “Legal” proliferation has been mainly dependent on the nuclear umbrella of the NWS states and granted access to safe nuclear material under IAEA safe guards. This will persuade other nations not to purse nuclear weapons programs as long as the NWS will protect them and only use the given materials for peaceful means. The United States destroyed its biological weapons in the early 1970s, and is in the process of destroying its stockpile of chemical weapons. Early on in the development of its nuclear weapons, the United States relied in part on sharing information with both the United Kingdom and Canada. This was stated in the Québec agreement of 1943. These three states agreed not to share nuclear weapons information with other countries without the consent of the others as an early attempt at nonproliferation. [1][2] After the Korean War, the Soviet Union transferred nuclear technology and weapons to the People's Republic of China as an adversary of the United States and NATO. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, "Khrushchev’s nuclear-proliferation process started with Communist China in April 1955, when the new ruler in the Kremlin consented to supply Beijing a sample atomic bomb and to help with its mass production. Subsequently, the Soviet Union built all the essentials of China’s new military nuclear industry.“ [5] China gives security assurance to non-nuclear-weapon states and undertakes not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones at any time or under any circumstances. Chinese public policy has always been one of the "no first use rule" while maintaining a deterrent retaliatory force targeted for counter value targets. [4] The French military is currently thought to retain a weapons stockpile of around 300 operational nuclear warheads, making it the third-largest in the world. The weapons are part of the national Force de frappe, developed in the late 1950s and 1960s to give France the ability to distance itself from NATO while having a means of nuclear deterrence under sovereign control. [3] Since the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement, the United States and the United Kingdom have cooperated extensively on nuclear security matters. The relationship between the two states has involved the exchange of classified scientific information and nuclear materials such as plutonium. The UK has not run an independent nuclear weapons delivery system development and production program since the cancellation of the Blue Streak missile in the 1960s, instead it has pursued joint development (for its own use) of US delivery systems, designed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin, and fitting them with warheads designed and manufactured by the UK's Atomic Weapons Research Establishment and its successor the Atomic Weapons Establishment. The present system consists of four Vanguard class submarines based at HMNB Clyde, armed with up to 16 Trident missiles, which each carry nuclear warheads in up to eight MIRVs, performing both strategic and sub-strategic deterrence roles. [1] [2] [1]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States&oldid=346202368 [2]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=342149193 [3]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction&oldid=344922975 [4] http://www.nti.org/e research/profiles/China/index.html [5] http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Russia/index.html

31. Regional Treaties This treaty prohibits the testing, use, production, receipt, storage, installation, and deployment of nuclear weapons.[1] States parties are forbidden from manufacturing, possessing, testing, and acquiring nuclear weapons. states parties cannot conduct research on, develop, manufacture, control, stockpile, or posses any nuclear weapons. States parties may only conduct peaceful nuclear related experiments. [1] This treaty forbids state-parties from manufacturing, processing, developing, and having control of nuclear weapons. It also prohibits the transportation of nuclear weapons through the Economic Exclusion Zones of treaty parties. [1] This treaty forbids providing provisions towards making a nuclear weapon, storing a nuclear weapon, allowing nuclear testing on its territory, and dumping radioactive waste into the sea. [2] [1] Retrieved from http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/treaties/nuclear-free-zones/trty_nuclear-free-zone-index.htm [2] Retrieved from http://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/international.html

32. Bilateral Treaties Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) The negotiations known as Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in November 1969 and ended in January 1972, with agreement on two documents: the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. Both were signed on May 26, 1972. Interim Agreement between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. of five-year duration which froze the number of strategic ballistic missiles at 1972 levels. Construction of additional land-based ICBM silos were prohibited, while SLBM launcher levels can be increased if corresponding reductions are made in older ICBM or SLBM launchers. Modernization of launchers is allowed, however, if kept within specific dimensions.[1] [1]Retrieved from http://www.atomicarchive.com/Treaties/Treaty8.shtml

33. Bilateral Treaties Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (STARTI) Bilateral agreement between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., which cut U.S. long-range nuclear warheads by 15%, Soviet by 25%. Both sides are permitted to continue modernization plans, and the number of nuclear warheads carried on some categories of strategic weapons is projected to actually increase by the late 1990s under the treaty.[1] [1]Retrieved from http://www.atomicarchive.com/Treaties/Treaty17.shtml

34. Bilateral Treaties Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (STARTII) The START II treaty is a bilateral treaty negotiated by the United States and Russia and signed by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin on January 3, 1993. It will reduce the number of strategic delivery vehicles (ballistic missiles and heavy bombers) and the number of warheads deployed on them. Overall strategic forces will be reduced by 5,000 warheads in addition to the 9,000 warheads being reduced under START I. By December 4, 2001, each Party must have reduced the total number of its deployed strategic warheads so that it does not exceed 4,250. By December 31, 2002, each Party must have reduced the total number of its deployed strategic warheads so that it does not exceed 3,500. Russia formally withdrew from the START II nuclear arms treaty with the United States on June 14, 2002, saying that it passed away because of the expiration of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. The U.S. Congress ratified the treaty in 1996 and the Russian parliament followed suit in 2000, but Russian lawmakers linked START II to preservation of the 1972 ABM Treaty. [1] [1]Retrieved from http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/arms/arms_fact/960201arms_fact

35. Bilateral Treaties Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) Bilateral agreement between the U.S. and Russia: The United States and Russia would be limited to 1,700 to 2,200 strategic nuclear warheads apiece. Limits must be in place by 2012. Each country can withdraw from the treaty with three months notice by citing "a supreme national interest." Verification procedures in the 1991 START I treaty, such as onsite inspections, will apply to the new deal, though they will not be spelled out in the treaty. A new U.S.-Russian commission will discuss how to implement the treaty. The agreement allows either side to decide what to do with the warheads removed from missiles, long-range bombers and submarines. No warheads would have to be destroyed. [1] [1] Retrieved from http://www.armscontrol.org/print/747

36. Multilateral Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty [FMCT] Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty [FMCT] would strengthen nuclear non-proliferation norms by adding a binding international commitment to existing constraints on nuclear weapons-usable fissile material. The proposed treaty would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.[1] The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is an international treaty that obligates State Parties not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, to prohibit and prevent nuclear explosions at any place under its jurisdiction or control, and to refrain from causing, encouraging, or participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.[2] [1]Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/fmct/ [2] Retrieved from http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/legal/ctbt/ctbtindex.html

37. Multilateral Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a multilateral treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, which entered into force on 5 March 1970. The three pillars of the Treaty are non-proliferation, disarmament and the peaceful use of nuclear technology.[1] [1]Retrieved from http://www.7ni.mfa.no/NPT/The_treaty/

38. Purpose of Membership (NPT) The goal of members of the non proliferation treaty is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons throughout the world, reduce the current amount and allow fair access to peaceful nuclear technology under international audits and inspections (regulations) of IAEA [1] [1]http://www.nti.org/h_learnmore/npttutorial/chapter01_03.html

39. Two party Membership (NPT) There are two types of parties in this treaty: The NWS (nuclear weapon states) (NNWS) Nuclear Non weapon states [1] http://www.nti.org/h_learnmore/npttutorial/chapter01_03.html [2]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons&oldid=346123456

40. Requirements for the NPT Those who wish to join the NPT must join as NNWS. The must dismantle all and renounce their nuclear weapons program pursing complete nuclear disarmament. All nuclear activity must be extensively regulated by the IAEA NWS- They are permitted to keep their nuclear weapons, but must be committed under the treaty to engage in negotiations on nuclear disarmament and on ending the nuclear arms race. NPT - forbids the NWS to help in anyway NNWS in acquiring or manufacturing nuclear weapons. [1] [1]http://www.nti.org/h_learnmore/npttutorial/chapter01_03.html

41. Why Join (NPT) In exchange for a state’s commitment to global nuclear disarmament they are given the right to access nuclear materials and technology for peaceful uses of nuclear energy that are within the safe guards of International Atomic Energy association. [1] [1]http://www.nti.org/h_learnmore/npttutorial/chapter01_03.html

42. Membership Growth The growth in the treaty's membership toward universality has been steady. Beginning with 43 original parties in 1970, membership increased to 96 in 1975, 132 in 1985, and 178 in 1995. By July 1998, 187 parties had joined the NPT. And by 2002 on November 4 Cuba signed, thereby becoming the 188th party to the NPT. More countries have ratified the NPT than any other arms control or disarmament agreement in history. [1] [1] http://www.cfr.org/publication/12050/

43. Non- Joined As of April 2004, only three states have not signed the treaty: India, Israel, and Pakistan. [1] [2] North Korea announced its withdrawal from the NPT on January 10, 2003, and its withdrawal came into effect on April 10, 2003. They did not place all there nuclear material under IAEA safeguards. [1][2] [1] http://www.icnnd.org/research/Davis_Giving_Up_NW.doc [2]http://www.criticalissuesforum.org/PROJECTS2009/Russia_Lesnoy/benchmark_1.htm

44. SECTION VI THE CURRENT CHALLENGES to nuclear non-proliferation

45. Who Wants Nuclear Weapons? Courtesy of Elizabeth Jimenez

46. Status: • Has not publicly stated that it has nuclear weapons • Its regarded as a de facto nuclear-weapon state Motivations: (defense) • They feel the need for a highly advanced military, a nuclear-weapons program, & offensive – defensive missiles due to the threat from its Arab & Persian neighbors • The nuclear program is the most advanced in the middle east that began in the late 1950’s • The missile program began in the 1960’s with the help from the French[1] Image :http://newritings.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/vanunu2.jpg

47. Stockpile: • Its nuclear storage is estimated to be between 20 – 100 Nagasaki-sized bombs Chain Reactions: - They formally stated to not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the middle east Non-Proliferation Initiatives: • Signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) • Although Non-party to the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT)[1]

48. Status: • Had once violated the NPT by secretly pursuing nuclear-weapons program • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) believe Iraq might have been able to build their 1st atomic weapons Motivations: (continue) • Although their weapons program was destroyed, it is believed that they have not abandoned their quest for nuclear weapons • Its estimated they could rebuild their its program and manufacture a device in 5-7 years, if UN is removed[1]

49. Stockpile: • Iraq’s WMD were never discovered but there has been reports about missing nuclear equipment and materials • There has been reported missing materials since 2003 Non-Proliferation Initiatives: - They are members of the NPT, however they don’t follow it.[1] Image: http://img.tfd.com/wn/11/67DE6-capital-of-iraq.gif

50. Status: • A threshold nation • Has also violated the NPT due to pursuing nuclear-weapons program • China and Russia has been it main supplier of nuclear technology Stockpile: - Although its not clear how close Iran is to developing a nuclear device, but its estimated to be between a few years to a decade[1] Image: http://samuelatgilgal.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/lane-iran_nuclear_po.jpg