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JAPANESE CONQUEST & TRIUMPH. DECEMBER 1941 – MAY, 1942. IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (see map,p.260). THE PHILIPPINES TAIWAN (FORMOSA) INDOCHINA MALAYA (MALAYAN PENINSULA) SINGAPORE INDONESIA BURMA NEW GUINEA THE SOLOMON ISLANDS THE CORAL SEA AUSTRALIA MIDWAY ISLAND WAKE ISLAND
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JAPANESE CONQUEST & TRIUMPH DECEMBER 1941 – MAY, 1942
IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS (see map,p.260) • THE PHILIPPINES • TAIWAN (FORMOSA) • INDOCHINA • MALAYA (MALAYAN PENINSULA) • SINGAPORE • INDONESIA • BURMA • NEW GUINEA • THE SOLOMON ISLANDS • THE CORAL SEA • AUSTRALIA • MIDWAY ISLAND • WAKE ISLAND • GUAM ISLAND
KEY INDIVIDUALS • ADMIRAL CHESTER NIMITZ, USN • ADMIRAL RAYMOND SPRUANCE, USN • ADMIRAL FRANK FLETCHER, USN • ADMIRAL WILLIAM HALSEY, USN • ADMIRAL ISORUKU YAMAMOTO, IJN • ADMIRAL CHUICHI NAGUMO, IJN • GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR, USA • GENERAL ARTHUR PERCIVAL, UK • GENRAL WILLIAM SLIM, UK • GENERAL TOMOYUKI YAMASHITA
KEY DATES • DEC. 8, 1941: WAKE ISLAND CAPTURED • DEC. 10, 1941: GUAM ISLAND CAPTURED • JAN. 27, 1942: BATTLE OF THE JAVA SEA • FEB. 15, 1942: SINGAPORE SURRENDERS • APRIL 9, 1942: BATAAN SURRENDER / BATAAN DEATH MARCH BEGINS • APRIL 22, 1942: BURMA SURRENDERS TO JAPANESE • MAY 6, 1942: FALL OF CORREGIDOR
JAPANESE EXPANSION &CONQUEST INS.E. ASIA & THESOUTH PACIFIC,1941-42
1941-42 JAPANESE EXPANSION • WHERE? • INTO WHAT AREAS OF ASIA & THE PACIFIC DID JAPAN EXTEND HER EMPIRE IN LATE 1941, EARLY 1942? • FRENCH INDOCHINA • THAILAND • MALAYAN PENINSULA / SINGAPORE • INDONESIA • PHILIPPINES • BURMA • NEW GUINEA • PACIFIC ISLANDS (WAKE, GUAM, etc.) • WHY? • WHAT WERE THE SPECIFIC REASONS FOR CONQUEST IN EACH AREA? • INDOCHINA: RUBBER, FOOD • THAILAND: FOOD, STRATEGIC LOCATIONS (military) • MALAYA / SINGAPORE: NAVAL BASES (strategic location) • INDONESIA: OIL, MINERALS • PHILIPPINES: STRATEGIC LOCATIONS (military) • BURMA: STAGING AREA FOR INVASION OF INDIA • NEW GUINEA: • STRATEGIC LOCATION • STAGING AREA FOR INVASION OF AUSTRALIA • PACIFIC ISLANDS: OUTLER LINE OF MILITARY BASES
SINGAPORE • MALAYA & SINGAPORE: • BRITISH-HELD COLONY THAT CONTROLLED WATER ROUTES FROM PACIFIC TO INDIAN OCEAN • STRAIT OF MALACCA – MOST IMPORTANT WATER ROUTE • SINGAPORE: BRITISH NAVAL / MILITARY BASE AT ENTRANCE TO STRAIT OF MALACCA • JAPANESE NEEDED LOCATION FOR FURTHER EXPANSION • JAN.-FEB., 1942: JAPANESE ASSAULT MALAYA & SINGAPORE • BRITISH DEFENSIVE POSITIONS ARE TOO THIN • JAPANESE ASSAULT IS RAPID • FEB. 15, 1942: SINGAPORE SURRENDERS • FALL OF SINGAPORE IS DISASTER FOR BRITISH & ALLIES • LARGEST SURRENDER IN BRITISH MILITARY HISTORY (130,000 TROOPS) • Q: WHY IS FALL OF SINGAPORE SO DEVESTATING FOR ALLIES?
JAPANESE ASSUALT ON SINGAPORE FEBRUARY, 1942
JAPANESE EXPANSION & CONQUEST IN S.E. ASIA & THE SOUTH PACIFIC, DEC.,’41-MAY ‘42
INDONESIA & S. PACIFIC • FALL OF SINGAPORE: • GIVES JAPAN CONTROL OF STRAIT OF MALACCA • PROVIDES BASE FOR ASSAULT ON INDONESIA • INDONESIA: • JAPAN NEEDS RESOURCES FOUND THERE: • OIL • METALS • WILL PROVIDE BASE FOR ASSAULT ON NEW GUINEA • AUSTRALIANS CANNOT DEFEND AUSTRALIA w/out ALLIED SUPPORT • ALLIES POOL FORCES AND CREATED “ABDA” FORCE • “ABDA” (AMERICAN-BRITISH-DUTCH-AUSTRALIAN) • RELIES ON ALLIED NAVAL FORCES TO PREVENT CONQUEST OF INDONESIA • FEB. 27, 1942: BATTLE OF JAVA SEA: JAPANESE DEFEAT ALLIED NAVAL FORCE • MARCH 12, 1942: DUTCH SURRENDER INDONESIA • RESULT? • NEW GUINEA IS OPEN FOR INVASION • AUSTRALIA IS DIRECTLY THREATENED WITH INVASION
THE PHILIPPINES • WHEN? • DEC., 1941-MAY, 1942 • WHY? • U.S. PACIFIC FORCES ARE THERE & ARE THREAT TO JAPAN • STRATEGIC LOCATION FOR EXPANSION • GEN. DOUGLAS MacARTHUR IS IN COMMAND • U.S. / FILIPINO FORCES ARE… • UNDERSTRENGTH (only 28,ooo combat-ready troops)* • UNPREPARED • ISOLATED FROM U.S. • *More troops were available, but they weren’t adequately prepared for combat • DEC.8, 1941: ATTACK BEGINS; U.S. AIR FORCES DESTROYED (similar to Pearl Harbor) • MacARTHUR DOESN’T REACT QUICKLY • JAPANESE ASSAULT IS RAPID – LIKE MALAYA • LATE DEC./EARLY JAN. – ALLIED FORCES PUSHED INTO BATAAN PENINSULA & CORREGIDOR ISLAND • MARCH 12: MacARTHUR ORDERED TO LEAVE BY F.D.R. • APRIL 9, 1942: BATAAN FORCES SURRENDER; BATAAN DEATH MARCH BEGINS • MAY 6, 1942: CORREGIDOR SURRENDERS • RESULT? PHILIPPINES ARE CONTROLLED BY JAPAN • SO WHAT?
GENERAL DOUGLASMacARTHUR, COMMANDER, U.S. FORCES, PHILIPPINESLATER COMMANDER, U.S. FORCES,SOUTHWEST PACIFIC
MacARTHUR STATUE,PRESENT-DAY,PHILIPPINES“I SHALL RETURN”Douglas MacArthur, 1942
THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH • WHEN? APRIL 9 – 16, 1942 • WHERE? BATAAN PENINSULA, PHILIPPINES • WHAT? • FORCED MARCH OF U.S. & FILIPINO P.O.W.s FROM BATAAN PENINSULA TO CAMP O’DONNELL (JAPANESE PRISON CAMP) • APPROXIMATELY 80,000 U.S. & FILIPINO P.O.W.s (approx. 67,000 FILIPINOS, 12,000 U.S., & 1,000 CHINESE-FILIPINOS) • WHAT HAPPENED? • JAPANESE HAD UNDERESTIMATED # OF P.O.W.s THEY WOULD HAVE TO TRANSPORT • DID NOT HAVE ADEQUATE SUPPLIES & TRANSPORT FOR ALL P.O.W.s • FORCED MARCH WAS JAPANESE SOLUTION • DISTANCE TO P.O.W. CAMP WAS 65 mi. (approx. distance) • JAPANESE GUARDS COMMIT NUMEROUS ATROCITIES AGAINST P.O.W.s DURING MARCH • EXAMLES: SHOOTING, BAYONETINGS, BEHEADINGS, BEATINGS, DENIAL OF WATER/FOOD, THEFT, RAPE • FINAL RESULT? • ONLY 54,000 OF TOTAL # REACHED CAMP O’DONNELL • CASUALTIES: 10,000 FILIPINO, 700 U.S. KILLED (approx.) – 25% DEATH RATE • MORE DIED OVER TIME IN P.O.W. CAMPS • NEWS OF BATAAN DETAH MARCH REACHED U.S. & U.S. PUBLIC IS ENRAGED • PERPETRATORS WERE TRIED FOR WAR CRIMES AFTER WWII
