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Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Maternal Acceptance-Rejection and the Psychological Well-Being of African American Young Adults. and roles of African American Mothers…. MOTHERS REMAIN IN THE ROLE OF MAIN CAREGIVER. CO-PARENT. Caregiver + contributor to economy. Background:.

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  1. Investigating the Relationship between Perceived Maternal Acceptance-Rejection and the Psychological Well-Being of African American Young Adults

  2. and roles of African American Mothers… MOTHERS REMAIN IN THE ROLE OF MAIN CAREGIVER CO-PARENT Caregiver + contributor to economy Background: Historical Overview of AA Fatherhood… STERN PATRIARCH BREADWINNER FREEMEN’SBUREAU GENIAL PLAYMATE/ROLE MODEL SEX-ROLE MODEL CO-PARENT

  3. Background: Importance of Topic: • Defines the specific contributions mothers have on a child’s psychological Well-Being • Promotes understanding of the impact that “non present” mothers have on child psychological Well-Being • Provides a new way to conceptualize a mother’s behavior in relation to children’s Well-Being. • Recognizes need to increase the number of studies on topic, on this population, and this age group

  4. Theory: • PARTheory, personality subtheory which seeks to explain main causes and consequences of parental nurturance as children perceive their relationship with their parent • PARTheory looks at parental acceptance and rejection and how it affect children’s development, and follows them through adulthood. • Parental acceptance-rejection construct the warmth dimension of parenting Theoretical tools used: Rohner’s,1986

  5. Study Aims: How does perceived maternal nurturance affect the psychological well-being of African Americans emerging into adulthood?

  6. Hypothesis: • There is a positive correlation between perceived maternal acceptance and the psychological well-being of young adults. • As perceived maternal warmth increases, the young adult’s psychological well-being will increase.

  7. The Results: Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): Mean score, M=37.1,SD=12.93,n= 228 Findings: Students experienced significantly lower levels of maternal rejection and higher levels of acceptance during adolescence

  8. The Results: Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ): Mean score, M= 120.78 , SD= 25.80, n= 189 Findings: Indicate that this sample population experienced a moderate level of self-reported well- being.

  9. The Results: Bi-variate correlation: The correlation proves to be moderate, indicating that there is a relationship between perceived maternal acceptance and the psychological well-being ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

  10. Results: Scatter Gram: Provides a graphic view of relationship that exist between mother nurturance and psychological well-being

  11. Discussion: Hypothesis • Moderate positive relationship Relationship to PARTheory: • Parental relationshipspredictor of child’s well-being (Rohner’s, 1986) Relationship to Theory: • Gecas & Schwalbe • Veneziano (2000) • Brynum and Kotchick, 2006

  12. Discussion: Limitations • Generalizing results • Cross-sectional study • Sample of convenience • Not causal relationship • Ambiguity Future Research • Maternal nurturance at different developmental stages and gender differences.

  13. References: • Adams, P., Milner, J., and Schrepf, N. (1984). Fatherless children. Canada: John Wilney & Sons Inc. • Alvarez, J.R., Farber, B.A., & Schonbar, R.A. (1998). The relationship of psychological mindedness to adult perceptions of early parental rejection. Journal of Clinical • Psychology, 54, 1079-1084. • Appelbaum, S.A. (1973). Psychological-mindedness: Word, concept and essence. • International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 54, 35-46. • Bynum, M. S. and Kotchick, B. A. Mother-adolescent relationship quality and autonomy as predictors of psychosocial adjustment among African American adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 528-541. Retrieved 9-20-2007 from PsycINFO database. • Coley, R. L. (2001). (In)visible men: Emerging research on low-income, unmarried, and minority fathers. American Psychologist, 56(9), 743-753. Retrieved 9/2/2007 from PsycINFO database. • Crouch, B. A. (1994). The "chords of love": Legalizing black marital and family rights in postwar Texas. The Journal of Negro History, 79(4), 334-351. Retrieved 9-2-2007 from JSTOR database. • Franklin, D. L. (1997). Ensuring inequality: The structural transformation of the African American family. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. • Gadsden, V.L. and Smith, R.R. (1994). African American males and fatherhood: Issues in research and practice. The Journal of Negro Education, 63(4), 634-648. Retrieved 9-2-2007 from JSTOR database.

  14. References • Gecas, V. and Schwalbe, M. L. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48(1), 37-46. • Ispa, J. M.; Fine, M. A.; Halgunseth, L. C.; and Harper, S. (2004). Maternal intrusiveness, maternal warmth, and Mother–Toddler relationship outcomes: Variations across low-income ethnic and acculturation groups. Child Development, 75(6), 1613-1631. • LaRossa, R. (1988). Fatherhood and social change. Family Relations, 37(4), 451-457. • McAdoo, J. L. (1993). The role of African American fathers: An ecological perspective. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 74, 28-35. • Ohannessian,C; Lerner R.;Lerner, J.; and Alexander, E. (1998). Perceived Parental Acceptance and Early Adolescent Self- Competence. American Journal of Onhopsychiatry, 68(4) • Rohner, R. P. and Veneziano, R. A. (2001). The importance of fatherly love: History and contemporary evidence. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 382-405. • Rohner, R. P. (1986). PART's personality theory and its historical antecedents. The warmth dimension: Foundations of parental acceptance-rejection theory. (pp. 66-87). Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications, Inc. • Rohner, R. P., Khaleque, A. & & Cournoyer, D. E. ((N.D.)). Parental acceptance-rejection theory, methods, evidence, and implications. Retrieved 9-2-2007www.cepar.uconn.edu • Summers, J. A., Boller, K., Schiffman, R. F., and Raikes, H.H. (2006). The mmenaing of "good fatherhood:" low-income fathers' social constructions of their roles. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6(2), 145-165. Retrieved 9-5-2007 from JSTOR database. • Veneziano, R. A. (2000). Perceived paternal and maternal acceptance and rural African American and European American youths' psychological adjustment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1), 123-132.

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