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Post Classical Era & The Rise and Spread of Islam

Post Classical Era & The Rise and Spread of Islam. The First Global Civilization. I. Desert & Town. Clans Typical nomadic kinship clans/tribal groups Shayks were leaders of tribes; warriors highly valued Cohesion encouraged through rivalry; lack of unified culture B. Towns & Trade

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Post Classical Era & The Rise and Spread of Islam

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  1. Post Classical Era &The Rise and Spread of Islam The First Global Civilization

  2. I. Desert & Town • Clans • Typical nomadic kinship clans/tribal groups • Shayks were leaders of tribes; warriors highly valued • Cohesion encouraged through rivalry; lack of unified culture B. Towns & Trade • Towns emerged as oases on caravan routes • Mecca: wealthy, Quraysh led center of trade & religion • Medina: oasis town, varied influences

  3. C. Marriage & Family • Matrilineal Society as nomads, turned matrilineal after settling • Women’s rights depended on clan/tribe traditions; more freedom than neighbors; lessened with settlement, rise of mercantilism D. Culture & Religion • Strong oral literary tradition • Animist religion • Moral and Ethical code provided by tribal custom

  4. II. Genesis of Islam • Member of a prominent Quraysh clan & lived in Mecca • Educated merchant, married to wealthy widow • Dissatisfied with focus on material gain began revelations in 610 A. Persecution & Victory • Umayyad’s forced Muhammad at Medina’s invitation, Hijra 622 • Muhammad’s ongoing vicotires led to 628 treaty allowed return to Mecca to worship

  5. B. Arabs & Islam Arab monotheism, transcended tribal rivalries with umma No intermediaries between Allah and ind. Bedouins became conquerors of ME Provided universal ethics, equality, charity C. Universal Elements Monotheistic Defined legal code Egalitarianism Sense of Community Validity of earlier faiths Five Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Fast, Zakat, Hajj

  6. III. Arab Empire under Ummayads A. Consolidation & Division • Conflict created at Muhammad's death (632) resolved by Muslim military commanders under the leadership of Abu Bakr, the new caliph • Defeated rival prophets during Ridda Wars • Raided and conquered surrounding Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian territories • Unified warrior bedouins with promises of booty in new lands

  7. B. Motives for Arab Conquests • Unity in common cause, strength • Use for military elite, youth • Wealth, Treasure, Tribute/Taxes • Glorify New Religion C. Weakness of Enemies • Internal conflict with aristocrats, religion made Sasanid Persians weak • Byzantine Empire stronger enemy, minority religious groups, superior Muslim navy led to Byzantine losing Syria, Iraq, Palestine, Egypt

  8. D. Problems of Succession Reemerge • 656 Murder of Uthman, 3rd Caliphate • Ali (descendent of Muhammad) reemerged as successor; battle with Umayyads at Camel & Siffin • With support of Egypt, Mu’awiya proclaimed succession in 660; Ali, family assassinated • Create Sunni & Shi’a split

  9. E. Umayyad Imperiaum • Cont. remarkable conquests from Spain to Central Asia • Relocated capital to Damascus, Syria; built bureaucracy led by Arab Muslim military aristocracy F. Converts & People of the Book • Minimal conversion rates • Mawali & Dhimmi peoples paid taxes, yet religions tolerated

  10. Islamic Conquests

  11. G. Family & Gender • Marriage divine; men allowed 4 wives • Strengthened rights of women’s inheritance, divorce • Range of occupations, law, commerce • Syncretism create more isolation for women H. Umayyad Decline • Increasing luxury, abandonment of traditions of Islam among Umayyad rulers created resentment • Abbasid party, led by Abu al Abbas, found allies among Shi’a, mawali • Successful Battle or River Zab led onto capture of Damascus

  12. IV. Early Abbasid Empire • Abbasids by 750 had defeated Caliph, turned on Shi’a, established Baghdad at Sunni capital • Established Wazir, chief administrators, to oversea enormous bureaucratic enforcement, collection • Islamic Conversion Abbasids provided full integration of all Muslim peoples with elimination of mawali status Exempt Muslims from taxes, offered opportunities in schooling, gov’t

  13. B. Town & Country • Great urban, economic expansion as merchants supplied cities and between • Muslim merchants, used technology (dhow), relationships to reestablish trade routes • Wealth construction of schools, mosques, bathes • Artisan formed guilds • Slaves performed unskilled labor, served caliphs, officials • Countryside dominated by ayans, soldiers, merchants

  14. C. Flowering of Islamic Learning • Arab conquerors encompassed most early centers of civilizations • Receptive to influence, remarkably tolerant • Islamic focus on religion, philosophy, legal codes • Also building, science, medicine, mathmatics

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