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Neuroendocrinology

Neuroendocrinology. Hormones. Endocrine hormones. Secreted directly into the blood. Controlled by pituitary (master gland) and hypothalamus. Exocrine Hormones. Secreted into ducts. Not controlled by pituitary gland or hypothalamus (e.g., gut hormones). Hormones.

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Neuroendocrinology

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  1. Neuroendocrinology

  2. Hormones Endocrine hormones Secreted directly into the blood Controlled by pituitary (master gland) and hypothalamus Exocrine Hormones Secreted into ducts Not controlled by pituitary gland or hypothalamus (e.g., gut hormones)

  3. Hormones released from endocrine cells long latency, long duration of effect (mins/days) delivered via blood diffuse actions Neurotransmitters released from neurons short latency, short duration of effect (msec) released directly onto target cells specific actions This distinction has become blurred; e.g. peptide neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, release of 5-HT into ventricles, etc.

  4. Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

  5. neural inputs Control of Adenohypophysial Hormones Hypothalamus Indirect Loop Short Loop Releasing Factor Adenohypophysis Trophic hormone Direct Loop Endocrine Gland Endocrine hormone Target tissues All loops are negative feedback loops. Increases in the amount of the substances monitored reduces further secretion of those substances.

  6. Sites of actions of hormones 1. nucleus--regulate transcription 2. ribosomes--regulate translation 3. enzymes--turned on via cAMP, much like neurotransmitters 4. membranes--membrane receptor much like those for n.t.'s protein synthesis

  7. Endocrine Hormones Adenohypophysial hormones Direct Actions Somatotrophin (growth hormone; GH) Prolactin Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Indirect actions Corticotrophin (ACTH) Thyrotrophin (TSH) Gonadotrophins Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Neurohypophysial hormones Oxytocin Vasopressin

  8. neural inputs Control of Thyroid Hormones Hypothalamus Indirect Loop Short Loop TRF (TRH) Adenohypophysis TSH Direct Loop Thyroid Gland Thyroxine (T4) Target tissues All loops are negative feedback loops. Increases in the amount of the substances monitored reduces further secretion of those substances.

  9. Control of Sex Hormones Hypothalamus neural inputs Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnR) Adenohypophysis Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Testes (♂) Ovaries (♀) Testosterone (♂) Estrogen/Progesterone (♀) Target tissues

  10. neural inputs Control of Adrenocortical Hormones Hypothalamus Indirect Loop Corticotrophin Releasing Factor Short Loop Adenohypophysis Corticotrophin or ACTH Direct Loop Endocrine Gland Cortisol and Aldosterone Target tissues All loops are negative feedback loops. Increases in the amount of the substances monitored reduces further secretion of those substances.

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