Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Motivation & Emotion

2. What motivates our behaviors; our thoughts? Jot down reasons in your notebooks…

3. Close your eyes… Imagine the future

4. HOPE The overall perception that our goals can be met with energy and ability

5. Motivation A need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal it’s a hypothetical concept We infer motivation from behaviors we observe Four motives: hunger, sex, belonging, achievement *interplay between nature (the physiological “push”) and nurture (the cognitive & cultural “pull”) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgjK8S-3DSQ

6. Perspectives Instinct theory Drive-reduction theory Arousal theory Incentive Hierarchy of needs

7. Instinct Theory 5759 supposed human instincts Rather than explaining human behavior, early instinct theorists were simply naming them To name a behavior is NOT to explain it Instinct: to qualify, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned (i.e., infant’s rooting & sucking) James & McDougall – instincts foster survival and social behavior Too much variation in how people behave for it to be instinctive

8. Instinct theory collapsed  drive-reduction theory Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by say, eating or drinking Physiological aim for drive-reduction is homeostasis (internal balance) Pushed by our need to reduce drives Pulled by incentives (i.e., smells, attractiveness)

9. Arousal Some motivated behaviors increase arousal Even when all biological needs are satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation

10. When basic needs are met and homeostasis is achieved, the “arousal theory” states that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, some more than others. Who is a thrill seeker?

11. Yerkes-Dodson Law • The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a point. • Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task. • Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain.

12. Yerkes-Dodson Law

13. Hierarchy of Motives Theorized by Maslow (1970) Some motives are more compelling than others Self-actualization – the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being

14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

15. Self-actualization – creativity, problem solving, spontaneity Esteem – self-esteem, confidence, respect of self and from others Love & belongingness – friendship, family, relationships Safety – security of body, employment, morality, family Physiological – food, water, breathing, sleep

16. Drives and Incentives • Incentive • Positive and negative

17. Review 1. Define: motive, need, and drive. 2. What is self-actualization? Whose theory includes this concept?  3. What is homeostasis? 4. What are four basic human motives? 5. What are the theories of motivation?

18. Imagine you’re on a long trip, your stomach growls with hunger, you pull off the nearest exit to find a restaurant, what perspectives is exemplified here? Imagine you’re so hungry that you displace your concern for all other things, which perspective is exemplified?

19. In 1991, Walter Hudson died at 47 years of age. His death was reported in newspapers and magazines throughout the United States, even though he was not a distinguished artist, writer, scientist, executive, or politician. Hudson was one of the heaviest men in the world. He was so big that he was unable to leave his house, and when he died, workmen had to cut a hole in his bedroom wall so his body could be removed. At his peak, he weighed 1,400 pounds and had a 119-inch waist. At one point, he actually lost 800 pounds. Later, however, as so many other people do, he regained most of the weight he had lost.

21. The Focus on Hunger Psychological and biological needs Food = more than just a means to survive How strong is the motivation to satisfy hunger? How far would you go to satiate the hunger pang? “Alive” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2217141/I-eat-piece-friend-survive-Torment-1972-Andes-plane-crash-survivor-haunted-ordeal-40-years-later.htm l Walter Hudson – What would motivate a person to allow this to happen?

22. Physiology Stomach contracts when we’re hungry Without a stomach  hunger persists The level of sugar (glucose) in the blood and the hypothalamus are key influences on feelings of hunger – glucostatic theory Lateral hypothalamus - “start eating”; automatically regulates caloric intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight Ventromedial hypothalamus – depresses hunger; “stop-eating” hunger Arcuate nucleus/paraventricular nucleus

23. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones • Ghrelin • Insulin • CCK • Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate

26. Psychological Influences Part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal (amnesia patients) “externals” – eating is triggered more by the sight and presence of food rather than internal factors Learning that some food/drinks cause a feeling of well-being and relaxation

27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

28. Taste Preferences What influences when we feel hungry and what we feel hungry for? Body chemistry/environmental factors Preferences for sweet/salty are genetic and universal Others are conditioned Culture - spices “neophobia” – aversion from unfamiliar, novel foods

29. Obesity Seems to run in families May have a gene so they do not receive the biological signal that they have eaten enough to sustain them Metabolism – more fat  slower metabolism Vicious cycle

30. Obesity

31. Obesity

32. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity • Social effects of obesity • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity

33. Weight Discrimination

34. Weight Discrimination

35. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells

36. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Set point and metabolism

37. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • The genetic factor • The food and activity factor • Sleep loss • Social influence • Food consumption and activity level

38. Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight • Realistic and moderate goals • Success stories • Attitudinal changes

40. Eating Disorders Fat is BAD! Barbie – 5’7”, 32-16-29 <100,000 women 25-50% of Americans are on a diet at any given moment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFxVATYTrbs (Media) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d-p2P5gsLU (Barbie) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9e-wRrLGX4 (binge) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fF0lAlo80fU (THIN) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIDPVq20UBQ (Dying to be thin) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05c0jd66Xns

41. Anorexia Nervosa Disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight (15% or more) yet feels fat and is obsessed with losing weight Limits food intake 9 times out of 10 in females begins in adolescence Families: competitive, high-achieving, protective, set high standards, concerned about how others perceive them

42. Bulimia Nervosa Disorder marked by repeated episodes of overeating followed by compensatory vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise Most are women Late teens/early 20s Preoccupied with food Weight fluctuates within or above normal range Easy to hide Depressed/anxious About ½ anorexics display binge-purge-depression cycle Families: higher incidence of alcoholism, obesity, depression

43. Students: 91% of women surveyed on a college campus had attempted to control their weight through dieting. 22% dieted “often” or “always.” 86% report onset of eating disorder by age 20; 43% report onset between ages of 16 and 20. Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among adolescents. 95% of those who have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25. 25% of college-aged women engage in bingeing and purging as a weight-management technique. The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate associated with all causes of death for females 15-24 years old. Over one-half of teenage girls and nearly one-third of teenage boys use unhealthy weight control behaviors such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking cigarettes, vomiting, and taking laxatives. In a survey of 185 female students on a college campus, 58% felt pressure to be a certain weight, and of the 83% that dieted for weight loss, 44% were of normal weight.

44. Men: • An estimated 10-15% of people with anorexia or bulimia are male.9• Men are less likely to seek treatment for eating disorders because of the perception that they are “woman’s diseases.”10• Among gay men, nearly 14% appeared to suffer from bulimia and over 20% appeared to be anorexic.11 Media, Perception, Dieting: • 95% of all dieters will regain their lost weight within 5 years.3• 35% of “normal dieters” progress to pathological dieting. Of those, 20-25% progress to partial or full-syndrome eating disorders.5• The body type portrayed in advertising as the ideal is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.3• 47% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported wanting to lose weight because of magazine pictures.12• 69% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported that magazine pictures influenced their idea of a perfect body shape.13• 42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinner (Collins, 1991).• 81% of 10 year olds are afraid of being fat (Mellin et al., 1991).

45. The Need to Belong Aristotle – “social animal” “Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu” – South American “a person is a person through other persons” What is necessary for your happiness? What is it that makes your life meaningful? How do we maintain relationships? Have you ever felt out of the loop? If so, how did it make you feel?

46. Achievement Motivation Performance goals Learning goals Intrinsic rewards External rewards Cognitive consistency – think & behave how we believe we’re supposed to Balance theory – birds of a feather flock together Cognitive-dissonance theory – behaviors/thoughts consistent

47. What are your sources of achievement? What motivates YOU? How can we motivate others?