Disclaimer…

1. Disclaimer… Due to the topical nature and content of the forthcoming lecture, today’s presentation will be almost entirely devoid of drum-playing or any other form of hippy-dippy entertainment. In other words, I might actually finish this time. Thank you in advance for understanding. - Mr. Loavenbruck

2. Iraq to Victory Timeline & Spectrum of US Foreign Policy (1990–2003)

3. Timeline of Major Events MULTILATERAL 1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait 1991 - Operation Desert Storm 1991 - Allied forces liberate Kuwait 1991 - UN weapons inspectors enter Iraq 1998 - Saddam ousts UN weapons inspectors 2003 - US goes to war with Iraq 2003 - Bush declares “mission accomplished” UNILATERAL

4. Lecture Objectives… • What motivated each event’s occurrence? - national interest, cause & effect • What foreign policy tools were used? - diplomatic, economic, military • How did US shift from multilateral to unilateral? - global cooperation to global protest

5. BIG PICTURE • • Describe and evaluate the Bush • foreign policy in the wake of • September 11, 2001. • What foreign policy tools were • used prior to and including military • intervention? • Was Bush’s approach to the war • in Iraq justified?

6. After the Cold War… • US - übersuperpower - Bush’s “new world order” - global cooperation - MULTILATERAL - prevent aggression • UN - increased role in international peace - no more ideological gridlock - redefining security issues & strategies

7. Background: Iraq • 2nd largest known oil reserves • diverse ethnic and religious communities • WWI thru 1968 - political instability • Ba’ath Party – one party rule

8. US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman 1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president 1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry 1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq 1988 - war ends, no more common enemy 1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait 1991 - Operation Desert Storm

9. US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman 1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president 1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry 1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq 1988 - war ends, no more common enemy 1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait 1991 - Operation Desert Storm Military Aid Diplomatic Tools

10. US-Iraqi Relations: Enter the Madman 1979 - Saddam succeeds al-Bakr as president 1980 - Saddam invades Iran, oil hungry 1984 - US, weary of Iran, reestablish ties w/Iraq 1988 - war ends, no more common enemy 1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait 1991 - Operation Desert Storm Let's take a closer look…

11. The Gulf War Saddam’s Motivation: • post-war debt • blamed and accused Kuwait • “19th Province” US’s Motivation • Kuwait a US-ally • key oil supplier • backed by UN

12. International Coalition MULTILATERAL involvement: • Aug. ‘90: UN imposed economic sanctions - frozen assets - international embargo • Nov. ‘90: diplomacy abandoned - deadline set (military threat) - international support • Jan. ‘91: no more Mr. Nice Guy • Feb. ‘92: Saddam driven from Kuwait

13. Aftermath “Take matters into your hands.” • NO invasion of Iraq • uprisings - Kurds - Shia • Saddam cracks down human cost

14. Decade of Containment • no-fly zones • UN Resolution 687 - Iraqi disarmament - declare/destroy WMDs - UNSCOM inspectors

15. Decade of Containment has Saddam-in-a-Box bound to go boing

16. Foreign Policy Tools Oil for Food 1990-1998 • diplomatic pressure • economic sanctions • military threats • military intervention • economic aid

17. Saddam Goes AWOL • 1996 - Saddam begins blocking inspections to certain sites • 1997 - Saddam disallows U.S. members of inspection team • 1998 - Clinton: Desert Fox • 1998 - Saddam ousts UNSCOM

18. Reason for Concern • No inspections • Uncertainty grows • U.S. tension rises

19. The Wake of 9/11 • Bush Doctrine • Multilateral support in War on Terror • Sympathy for U.S.

20. The Case for War You’re next, France! Jan. 29, 2002 - State of the Union • painted Iraq as linchpin of AXIS OF EVIL” including Iran, N. Korea, Syria • making case for ousting Saddam as part of War on Terror regime change

21. The Case for War He tried to kill my dad!!! Rationale: • megalomaniac! • stockpiles, close to nukes • invaded neighbors • used chemical weapons • defiant AND sneaky • logical assumptions history + facts + logic

22. OPPOSED to War! • allies in UN argue for more inspections • Russia, China, France threaten veto “By shifting from his early focus after 9/11 on war against terrorism to war against Iraq, the pres. has manifestly disposed of the sympathy, goodwill & solidarity compiled by America & transformed it into a sense of deep misgiving & even hostility.” - Al Gore, 9/23/02

23. FOR Military Intervention “If they do not act, AMERICA WILL!” “The risks of inaction are far greater than the risks of action.” “What he wants is time & more time to husband his resources to invest in his ongoing chemical & biological weapons program, & to gain possession of nuclear weapons.” - Dick Cheney, August 2002

24. Some More Diplomacy 11/8/02 - U.N. Resolution 1441 (passed 15-0) • Iraq is in breach of previous resolutions • Saddam must declare all WMDs in 90 days • full cooperation with U.N. inspections • “serious consequences…” if Saddam refuses • new inspections - led by Hans Blix

25. Inspections and Intelligence “It’s a SLAM DUNK!” 12/7/02: • Iraq delivers 12,000 page report on WMDs • Blix: “not enough to create confidence…” 12/21/02: • CIA: George Tenet makes case for WMDs 1/27/03, 2/14/03: • Blix: Iraq not fully complying

26. Mounting Tensions • negotiations dragged on for weeks • debate grew increasingly critical • Powell wants to give diplomacy more time, but makes Bush’s case to the U.N. March 2003: • U.S. will invade with or without U.N. support • SPIRIT of MULTILATERALISM GONE

27. Operation Iraqi Freedom March 17, 2003: • aerial attacks begin on Baghdad Early April 2003: • “Saddam” toppled May 1, 2003: • “Mission Accomplished”

28. In Support of Bush F.P. • Every foreign policy tool, short of an invasion of Iraq, had been exhausted, and has left Saddam clandestine and defiant. • In the wake of 9/11, the risk of inaction far outweighed the risk of action. • The U.S. does NOT need a permission slip to protect it national security. Saddam had to go!

29. In Opposition of Bush F.P. • Focusing on Iraq was a diversion from the real threats to our national security. • Unilateralism will alienate our allies and instigate our enemies & other potential threats. • The U.S., in utilizing a policy of preemption, is setting a bad example. The world will see us as a bully, and other powerful nations could follow in our footsteps.

30. Trying Desperately to bethe Cartoon Conga King BOOM DA BOOM BOP DA BOOM DIP DIP BOOM DA BOOM BOP DA BOOM DAP SHLIBBY DIBBY BOP BOP DAP SHLIBBY DIP SHLIBBY DIBBY BOOM DA BOOM BLAP!