The Transformation of the Classical World

1. The Transformation of the Classical World

2. The Crisis of the Third CenturyOver-Extension of Imperial BoundariesArchaic Economic SystemShortage of Ready CashMassive Currency Devaluation InflationInefficient Collection of TaxesMilitary DefeatsElevation of Own Commander as Emperor Alabaster bust of Septimius Severus,at Musei Capitolini, Rome

3. Increases in Soldiers’ PayGovernmental Role for SoldiersRapid Expansion of the ArmyExternal Threats—Berbers, Persians, and Germanic TribesTax BurdensBanditry The Severan Tondo, Depicting Septimius Severus and His Sons

4. The Empire RestoredAurelian Repulsed the Barbarians and Reunified the EmpireDiocletian Emphasized the Autocratic Power of the EmperorDivinity of the EmperorDivided the Empire into Eastern and Western PortionsEach Under the Rule of an Augustus and His Subordinate CaesarStabilized Currency; Fixed Wages and PricesIncreased the Silver Content of CoinsSeparated Military From Civilian AdministrationSmaller Provinces and Larger Bureaucracy; Vicar

5. Expanded the ArmyCreated a Loyal and Effective Military System Bound Hereditary Tenants (coloni) to the LandEnsure Tenants Payment of TaxesSerfdom Great Persecution of Christians 303 CEDestroyed Churches and Religious TextsDeath of Numerous ChristiansMoved the Capital

6. ConstantineEmperor of the East and Emperor of the West Abdicated Turned Power Over to Constantine and MaxentiusWar; Killed MaxentiusBattle of Milvian Bridge 312Some Say ConversionToleration of ChristianityConstantine’s FamilySt Helena to the Holy LandConstantinople

7. ChristianityTeachings of Jesus of Nazareth Left No Religious TextThe Gospels , Epistles, Book of RevelationsLove, Peace, Brotherhood, Performed MiraclesFollowers Claimed Jesus Was the Promised MessiahResurrectionPaul of TarsusSpread From Jewish Sect to Anatolia, Greece and ItalyRefused to Participate in Roman CultUnderground ReligionChristianity Attracted FollowersA Burial SocietyMiddle Class Urban ReligionBishops as Key of Debate Over Nature of JesusImperial Christianity

8. QuestionsGod as Trinity Composed of the Father, the Son and the Holy SpiritMonarchians Favored the Oneness of GodGnostics Denied the Human Nature of Jesus Claiming that he was Fully DivineArians Maintained that Jesus was a Man and had No Divine NatureArius claimed Jesus was not Equal to God the FatherFollowers Known as AriansCouncil of Nicea 325 CE Denied Ariian View and Again at Council of Chalcedon (451 CE) Reiterated the Belief in the Trinity Donatists Claimed that Only “pure” clergy could Administer the Sacraments Augustine of Hippo “City of Man” The Call of the Desert—St Anthony Monastic Communities

9. The VisigothsDefeated Romans in 378 CEEmperor Theodosius Granted Land and Self Government410 Visigoths Sacked RomeVandals, Hun, and Other Germanic TribesOstrogoths, Theodosius Took Over Italy Frankish King C;ovis Conquered FranceAngles and Saxon Seized Britain Local Aristocracy Held Religious PowerBarbarian Leaders Held Political Power in WestEmperor in the East Maintained Firm Control of Government

10. The Eastern Roman Empire Escaped The Barbarian Invasions Political Factions Dominated PoliticsUrban Life Gave Way to Rural SocietyJustinian Suppressed the Domestic Political RivalryOrdered the Collection of roman LawRecaptured North Africa, Italy and Parts of IberiaIncreased the Collection of TaxesBuilt Hagia SophiaBankrupted the EmpireA Model of a Centralized StateGuardian of Greek and Roman Civilization Protector of ChristianitySenate a Ceremonial InstitutionEmpire Reorganized Iconoclasm