Chapter 14: Machines

1. Chapter 14: Machines

2. 14.1: Machines help people do work • Machine: • Any device that helps people do work. • Work is the use of force to move an object • Does not decrease the amount of work that is done • Only changes the way the work is done • Example: • Ramp • pulley

3. How do machines help? • Machines make the work easier by changing: • The size of the force needed to do the work • the distance over which the force is applied • The direction in which the force is exerted • Can be powered by different types of energy depending on the type of machine: • Electronic machines use electrical energy • Mechanical machines use mechanical energy • Mechanical energy is usually supplied by the person using the machine

4. Changing size and direction • Some machines help by changing the size of the force needed • If a machine allows you to exert less force, you must apply that force over a greater distance: • Total amount of work remains the same whether a machine is used or not • Work = force x distance • Because a machine does not decrease the amount of work to be done, less force must mean a greater distance

5. Some machines allow you to apply a greater input force over a shorter distance (rake) • You will move your hand a shorter distance to move the end of the rake a longer distance • Input force: • The force exerted on a machine • When using a rake, the input force is the force from the boy on the rake • Output force: • The force that the machine exerts on an object • This is the force that the rake exerts on the leaves

6. Machines can help you do work by changing the direction of a force: • Flagpole: • When raising the flag up the flagpole, you pull down on the rope to raise the flag up the pole • The rope system does not change the size of the force, only the direction. • The force pulling the flag up is equal to the force you apply in your downward pull • Shovel: • Once you have the shovel in the ground, you push the handle down to lift the dirt up. • A shovel also changes the size of the force you apply-you need less force to lift the dirt

7. Mechanical advantage of a machine • Mechanical advantage • MA • The number of times a machine multiplies the input force • Formulas to know: • MA = output force ÷ input force • Fout = MA x Fin • Fin = Fout ÷ MA

8. If your machine allows you to apply less force over a greater distance (doorknob) the output force is greater than the input force; MA is greater than 1 • For machines that allow you to apply greater force over a shorter distance (rake) the output force is less than the input force; MA is less than 1 • For machines that change only the direction of a force (rope system of a flagpole) the input and output forces are the same; MA is equal to 1

9. The output force of a machine is 600N and the input force is 200N. What is the MA of the machine? • A machine has an input force of 150N and a MA of 0.5. What is the output force? • The output force of a machine is 135N and the MA is 2.5. What is the input force?

10. Work transfers energy • Machines transfer energy to objects on which they do work. • If the machine lifts an object it gives off potential energy • The higher you lift an object, the more work you do and the more energy you give the object • A machine that causes an object to move gives the object kinetic energy

11. Output work is always less than input work • Efficiency: • The ratio of a machine’s output work to the input work • An ideal machine would be 100% efficient so all of the input work would be converted to output work (not possible due to friction) • Calculate efficiency: • Efficiency (%) = (output work ÷ input work) x 100

12. If someone does 500J of work on a pair of pliers and the pliers do 300J of work on a wire, what is the efficiency of the pliers? E = Output ÷ Input x 100 Output = Input =

13. The more efficient the machine, the less mechanical energy is lost • Some energy is lost to heat (friction) • The more moving parts the machine has, the more energy is lost to friction • Car engine: • Efficiency is only about 25% due to the heat generated • Typical electric motors are about 80% efficient • Increase efficiency: • Decrease friction • Decrease air resistance

14. 14.2:Six simple machines • There are six machines on which all other mechanical machines are based: • Inclined plane • Lever • Wheel and axle • Pulley • Wedge • screw

15. Lever: • A solid bar that rotates, or turns, around a fixed point (fulcrum) • Bar can be straight or curved • Can multiply the input force • Can also change the direction of the input force • 3 classes of levers all with different arrangements of the fulcrum, input force (effort), and output force (resistance)

16. First-class lever: • Fulcrum is located between the input force and the output force • Used to change the direction and size of the force • Second-class lever: • Output force is located between the input force and the fulcrum • Used when a greater output force is needed • Third-class lever: • Input force is between the output force and the fulcrum • Used to reduce the distance over which you apply the input force OR increase the speed of the end of the lever

17. 1st class lever system 2nd class lever system 3rd class lever system

18. Wheel and Axle • Made of a wheel attached to a shaft or axle • Act as a rotating collection of levers • Axle at the wheel’s center is like a fulcrum • Screwdrivers, steering wheels, doorknobs, electric fans

19. Pulley • A wheel with a grooved rim and a rope or cable that rides in the groove • As you pull the rope, the wheel moves • Fixed pulley: • Pulley that is attached to something that holds it steady • Makes work easier by changing the direction of the force • You must apply enough force to overcome the weight of the load and any friction • Distance you pull the rope is the same distance that the object is lifted

20. Movable pulley: • One end of the rope is fixed but the wheel can also move. • Load is attached to the wheel • Person pulling the rope provides the output force that lifts the load • Single movable pulley does not change the direction of the force-it multiplies the force • You would need only half the force which means you need twice the distance • Block and tackle system • Contains both fixed and movable pulleys • Used to haul and lift very heavy objects

22. Inclined plane • A simple machine made of a sloped surface (ramps) • Makes work easier by supporting the weight of the object over the distance it travels • The less steep the incline, the less force you need • Which means the distance will increase

23. Wedge • Simple machine with one thick edge and one thin edge • Used to cut, split, or pierce objects; also to hold objects together • Can be as simple as a doorstop, a chisel, or an ice scraper, blade of an ax • Angle of cutting edge determines the input force needed (thick wedge with large angle needs more force to cut) • Thin edges provide a smaller surface area for the force to act upon

24. Screw • Inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or cone to form a spiral • Used to raise and lower weights and to fasten objects • Distance between the threads of the screw determine the amount of force needed: • Threads close together = less force over greater distance

25. Calculating MA of specific machines • Inclined plane: • Ideal MA = length of incline ÷ height of incline • Wheel and Axle: • Ideal MA = Radius of input ÷ Radius of output • Lever: • Ideal MA = distance from input force to fulcrum distance from output force to fulcrum