Research-Based Perspectives on Science and Mathematics Education

1. Research-Based Perspectives on Science and Mathematics Education David E. Meltzer Department of Physics, University of Washington and Seattle Country Day School Supported in part by PhysTEC through NSF PHYS #0108787

2. Outline 1. Discipline-Based Education Research Basis for pedagogical content knowledge 2. Research-Based Methods in Teacher Preparation Examples: separate courses for K-6 and 7-12 teachers 3. Projects with “Physics Teacher Education Coalition” University-based program to improve preparation of physics and physical-science teachers

3. Discipline-Based Science and Math Education Research • Research on the teaching and learning of science and mathematics, at both the K-12 and the college and university level; • Carried out by researchers with extensive training in math or a specific science discipline; • Focused on subject-specific learning issues and development of research-based curricular materials and instructional methods.

4. Role of Discipline-Based Science and Math Educators • Carry out in-depth investigations of student thinking in specific disciplines • provide basis for “pedagogical content knowledge” • Develop and assess courses and curricula • Advise and mentor pre-service and in-service teachers

5. Unified Instruction of Methods and Content • “Pedagogical Content Knowledge” (Shulman, 1986): Knowledge needed to teach a specific topic effectively, beyond general knowledge of content and teaching methods “the ways of representing and formulating a subject that make it comprehensible to othersan understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficultknowledge of the [teaching] strategies most likely to be fruitful”

6. Unified Instruction of Methods and Content • “Pedagogical Content Knowledge” (Shulman, 1986): Knowledge needed to teach a specific topic effectively, beyond general knowledge of content and teaching methods “the ways of representing and formulating a subject that make it comprehensible to othersan understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficultknowledge of the [teaching] strategies most likely to be fruitful”

7. Unified Instruction of Methods and Content • “Pedagogical Content Knowledge” (Shulman, 1986): Knowledge needed to teach a specific topic effectively, beyond general knowledge of content and teaching methods “the ways of representing and formulating a subject that make it comprehensible to othersan understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficultknowledge of the [teaching] strategies most likely to be fruitful”

8. Unified Instruction of Methods and Content • “Pedagogical Content Knowledge” (Shulman, 1986): Knowledge needed to teach a specific topic effectively, beyond general knowledge of content and teaching methods “the ways of representing and formulating a subject that make it comprehensible to othersan understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficultknowledge of the [teaching] strategies most likely to be fruitful”

9. Unified Instruction of Methods and Content • “Pedagogical Content Knowledge” (Shulman, 1986): Knowledge needed to teach a specific topic effectively, beyond general knowledge of content and teaching methods “the ways of representing and formulating a subject that make it comprehensible to othersan understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficultknowledge of the [teaching] strategies most likely to be fruitful”

10. Progress in Teacher Preparation“Teachers teach as they have been taught” • Advances in research-based science education have motivated changes in teacher preparation (and development) programs. • There is an increasing focus on research-based instructional methods and curricula, emphasizing “active-engagement” inquiry-based learning. • Examples:Physics by Inquiry curriculum (Univ. Washington); Modeling Workshops (Arizona State U.)

11. Example:Course for Pre-service High-School Teachers • Course for students planning to teach high-school physics (at Iowa State University) • includes pre-service and in-service teachers, students with and without B.A., diverse majors • Reading and discussion of physics education research literature • In-class instruction using research-based curricular materials (guided by course instructor) • Students prepare and deliver own lesson • model on research-based instructional materials • develop activity sheets and “teachers’ guide”

12. Research-Based Instruction • Recognize and address students’ pre-instruction “knowledge state” and learning tendencies, including: • subject-specific learning difficulties • potentially productive ideas and intuitions • student learning behaviors • Guide students to address learning difficulties through structured problem solving, discussion, and Socratic dialogue

13. Research in science and math education suggests that: • Problem-solving activities with rapid feedback yield improved learning gains • Eliciting and addressing common conceptual difficulties improves learning and retention

14. Active-Learning Pedagogy(“Interactive Engagement”) • problem-solving activities during class time • student group work • frequent question-and-answer exchanges • “guided-inquiry” methodology: guide students with leading questions, through structured series of research-based problems dress common learning Goal: Guide students to “figure things out for themselves” as much as possibleuide students to “figure things out for themselves” as much as possible

15. Example: Physics Course for Pre-service Elementary Teachers In collaboration with Prof. Mani K. Manivannan, and undergraduate student peer instructor Tina N. Tassara Supported in part by NSF grants #DUE-9354595, #9650754, and #9653079

16. New Inquiry-Based Elementary Physics Course for Nontechnical Students • One-semester course, met 5 hours per week in lab -- focused on hands-on activities; no formal lecture. • Targeted especially at education majors, i.e., “teachers in training.” • Inquiry-based learning: targeted concepts are not told to students before they have worked to “discover” them through group activities.

17. Outline of Instructional Method • Prediction and Discussion: Student groups predict outcome of various experiments, and debate their predictions with each other. • Experimentation: Student groups design and implement (with guidance!) methods to test predictions. • Analysis and Discussion: Student groups present results and analysis of their experiments, leading to class-wide discussion and stating of conclusions.

18. Example: Force and Motion A cart on a low-friction surface is being pulled by a string attached to a spring scale. The velocity of the cart is measured throughout a period of time. The experiment is done three times, and the pulling force is varied each time so that the spring scale reads 1 N, 2 N, and 3 N for trials #1, #2, and #3. (The mass of the cart is kept the same for each trial.) On the graph below, sketch the appropriate lines for velocity versus time for the three trials, and label them #1, #2, and #3. Pre-instruction Discussion Question

19. Common student response, pre-instruction 3 N velocity 2 N 1 N time Example: Force and Motion A cart on a low-friction surface is being pulled by a string attached to a spring scale. The velocity of the cart is measured throughout a period of time. The experiment is done three times, and the pulling force is varied each time so that the spring scale reads 1 N, 2 N, and 3 N for trials #1, #2, and #3. (The mass of the cart is kept the same for each trial.) On the graph below, sketch the appropriate lines for velocity versus time for the three trials, and label them #1, #2, and #3.

20. Sample Class Activity (summary): Using the photogate timers, measure the velocity of the low-friction cart as it is pulled along the track. Use the calibrated spring scale to pull the cart with a constant force of 0.20 newtons. Use the data to plot a graph of the cart’s velocity as a function of time. Repeat these measurements for a force of 0.10 and 0.30 newtons. Plot the results from these measurements on the same graph (use different colored pencils or different types of fitting lines).

21. Common student response, pre-instruction 3 N velocity 2 N 1 N time Example: Force and Motion A cart on a low-friction surface is being pulled by a string attached to a spring scale. The velocity of the cart is measured throughout a period of time. The experiment is done three times, and the pulling force is varied each time so that the spring scale reads 1 N, 2 N, and 3 N for trials #1, #2, and #3. (The mass of the cart is kept the same for each trial.) On the graph below, sketch the appropriate lines for velocity versus time for the three trials, and label them #1, #2, and #3.

22. 0.3 N Experimental Result velocity 0.2 N 0.1 N time Example: Force and Motion A cart on a low-friction surface is being pulled by a string attached to a spring scale. The velocity of the cart is measured throughout a period of time. The experiment is done three times, and the pulling force is varied each time so that the spring scale reads 0.1 N, 0.2 N, and 0.3 N for trials #1, #2, and #3. (The mass of the cart is kept the same for each trial.) On the graph below, sketch the appropriate lines for velocity versus time for the three trials, and label them #1, #2, and #3.

23. What were the goals of instruction? • Improve students’ conceptual understanding of force and motion, energy, and other topics • Develop students’ ability to systematically plan, carry out and analyze scientific investigations • Increase students’ enjoyment and enthusiasm for learning and teaching physics

24. Overview of Four Years Experience • Intensive inquiry-based physics courses may be an enjoyable and rewarding experience for pre-service teachers. • Effective learning of new physics concepts -- and “unlearning” of misconceptions -- is very time intensive. • Careful assessment of learning outcomes is essential for realistic appraisal of innovative teaching methods.

25. Postscript: Active Learning with Gifted Children • As the 8th-grade science teacher at a Seattle middle school, I am carrying out research-based activities with two classes (15 students each), 13-14 years old; • Students have very high levels of verbal and language skills and show subtle and insightful thinking, but span a broad range of mathematical reasoning abilities; • Even with this highly select group, conceptual and reasoning difficulties emerge which are very similar to those of college students

26. Projects with PhysTEC“Physics Teacher Education Coalition” • Nationwide, NSF-funded program of American Physical Society to develop improved teacher preparation programs in college and university physics departments • Goals are to produce larger numbers of more effective teachers of physics and physical science for K-12

27. Current Projects • Explore what is meant by “teacher effectiveness” and how it may be assessed • Investigate and document the roles played by “Teachers in Residence” (experienced K-12 teachers on temporary university assignment with teacher-preparation programs) • Edit book of scholarly papers on preparation of teachers of physics and physical science

28. How can Teacher Effectiveness be Assessed? • Direct Measures • assessment of learning gains and attitudes of teacher’s students • Indirect measures • assessment of teacher’s knowledge, attitudes, and classroom functioning (pre-service and in-service)

29. How can Teacher Effectiveness be Assessed? • Direct Measures • assessment of learning gains and attitudes of teacher’s students Example: We have assembled packet of content-knowledge assessment materials for classroom use by teacher-education graduates

30. Assessment Methods for Physical Science • Conceptual Knowledge • research-based diagnostics (e.g., FCI) • Science Process Skills • rubrics to assess experiment-design skill (e.g., Rutgers) • Pedagogical Content Knowledge • e.g., assess teachers’ interpretation and treatment of students’ learning difficulties (e.g., UMaine and Colorado) • Science Attitudes • survey instruments such as VASS, CLASS, MPEX • Pedagogical Methods • observational rubrics such as RTOP

31. Roles of Teachers-in-Residence • Site visits to observe TIRs carrying out mentorship and supervisory activities • Document TIRs’ interactions with diverse groups of pre-service teachers (K-6, 7-12), e.g.: • teaching courses for preservice students • classroom observations of pre- and in-service teachers • mentorship through meetings with teaching assistants and prospective teachers

32. Book of Research Papers on Teacher Preparation • Problem: Most subject-matter instruction for pre-service teachers occurs in science departments • There is a shortage of research literature to guide physics departments in teaching of PCK to prospective science teachers • The book is aimed at addressing this need • will be published by American Physical Society and American Association of Physics Teachers

33. Summary • Subject-specific research on student learning lays basis for improving instruction in science and math education. • “Interactive-engagement” instruction using research-based curricula can improve student learning and effectiveness of teacher preparation. • Ongoing development and assessment of instructional methods and materials lays the basis for sustained improvements in learning.