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This article discusses the importance of research in nursing, its impact on expanding scientific knowledge, and its role in improving patient care. It also explores the historical evolution of nursing research and current topics of interest to nurse researchers.
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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ) قالوا سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا انك أنت العليم الحكيم( البقرة 32 صدق الله العظيم
Research Methodology Dr. Atef Ismail Assistant professor in Medical-surgical Nursing
Introduction • The importance of research in Nursing: • Provides the basis for expanding the unique body of scientific knowledge that forms the foundation of nursing practice.
Introduction Cont… • Many nurses are engaging in research to help to develop, refine, and extend the scientific base of knowledge fundamental to the practice of nursing this expansion of knowledge is essential for the continued growth of nursing profession.
Introduction Cont… • Nurses who base as many of their clinical decisions as possible on scientifically documented information are being professionally accountable to their care and are helping nursing to achieve its own professional identity. • The spiraling costs of health care
Introduction Cont… ● Some research findings help to eliminate nursing actions that have no effect on the achievement of desired client outcomes. ● Consumers of nursing research: read reports of studies, typically to keep up to date on information that might be relevant to their practice or to develop new skills. Nurses are increasingly expected to maintain, at a minimum, this level of involvement with research.
Introduction Cont… ● The producers of Nsg Research: Nurses who actively participate in the design and implementation of scientific studies.
Definitions of Nursing Research:- - "Systematic, formal, rigorous process used to gain solutions to problems or to discover and interpret new facts in clinical practice, Nsg education or nursing administration. - The systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance to nursing.
Systematic inquiry that uses orderly scientific methods to answer question or solve problems. • Historical Evolution and future Directions of Nursing Research. • The research in nursing began with Florence Nightingale in 1850, who Made detailed, recorded observations about the effects of Nsg actions during the Crimean war.
Historical Evolution Cont… • 1900-1940 Focused mainly On studies related to Nsg education. • 1950s - An increase in the number of nurses with advanced academic preparation. • The establishment of the "Nursing Research journal“ and the availability of funding to support nursing research skills in faculty.
Historical Evolution Cont… • By the 1970s - the growing number of nurses conducting research studies and the increase in discussions of theoretical issues surrounding nursing research. • Three additional journals that focus on nursing research, Advance In Nsg science, Research in nursing and health, and the western journal of Nursing Research – were established in the 1970s.
Historical Evolution Cont… • There was also a change in emphasis in nursing research studies from areas such as teaching, administration, curriculum, recruitment and nurses themselves to the improvement of client or patient care. • The 1980s brought Nag research to anew level of development. • Increase in the number of qualified nurse researchers.
Historical Evolution Cont… • widespread availability of computers for the collection and analysis of information. • The National center of Nursing Research was established in 1986. • The center for Research for nursing was created in 1983 by (ANA). • An important new journal was also established in the late 1980s (Applied Nursing Research).
Historical Evolution Cont… • The 1990s- To continue to develop a scientific base of knowledge for Nursing practice. • Studies concerning the effectiveness of clinical Judgments on client outcomes are expected to continue. • In 2004 the Journal Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing begins publication.
Current Topics of Interest to Nurse Researcher. • Research concerning the promotion of positive health practices. • Research concerning the nursing process or clinical judgments. • Research concerning compliance with prescribed programs of treatment. • Research concerning groups at risk for specific health problems.
Current Topics of Interest to Nurse Researcher.… Cont • Research concerning the description of holistic nursing situation. • Research concerning Minority groups: include the identification of cultural beliefs that influence the health care practices of various ethnic groups.
Table (1) Socio-demographic characteristics and medical data of the sample (n=24).
Table (1) Socio-demographic characteristics and medical data of the sample (n=24) Cont’d.
RESULTS Tables (2 & 3) related to the answer for the first stated research question: • What are the different types and levels of psychological stress exhibited by the amputees in Gaza governorates during Gaza war?
Table (2) The pre test stress level scores for the study group subjects (n=24).
Table (3) Types and ranks of psychological stress exhibited by the sample (n=24).
RESULTS Tables from 4-7 & figure 1 are related to the first hypothesis states that: • Total & subtotal mean pre-test stress scores of the study group subjects will be higher than those of the post-test stress scores.
Table (4) The differences between pre and post application of program (n=24). * * P <0. 01
Table (4) The differences between pre and post application of program (n=24)ctd * * P <0. 01
Table (4) The differences between pre and post application of program (n=24) ctd * * P <0. 01
Table (5) Means & Std. deviation for pre and immediate post test stress scores (N=24)
Table (6) Pre & immediate post test stress level scores of the study group subjects (n=24) The research hypothesis was supported.
Figure (1) illustrates the differences between pre-test and post-test of stress scores for total and subtotal stress scores.
Table (7) Z value and η 2 for every scope of psychological stress.
RESULTS Tables from 8-12 & figure 2 are related to the second hypothesis states that: • Total & subtotal mean stress scores of the study group subjects after two months will be the same as those of the post-test.
Table (8) The differences between post and follow-up effect of program after 2 months of application (n=24).
Table (8) The differences between post and follow-up effect of program after 2 months of application (n=24). Cont’d.
Table (8) The differences between post and follow-up effect of program after 2 months of application (n=24). Cont’d. *P <0.05
Table (9) Means & Std. Deviation for immediate post and follow-up tests stress scores (N=24).
Table (10) The differences between pre-test, immediate post-test and follow up test of total and subtotal stress scores among the study group (N=24). * * P <0.01
Table (10) The differences between pre-test, immediate post-test and follow up test of total and subtotal stress scores among the study group (N=24). Cont’d. * * P <0.01
Table (11) Scheffe post test Matrix To identify the direction of differences between pre-test, immediate post-test and follow up test of total and subtotal stress scores (N=24). * * P <0.01
Table (11) Scheffe post test Matrix To identify the direction of differences between pre-test, immediate post-test and follow up test of total and subtotal stress scores (N=24). Cont’d. * * P <0.01
Table (12) Compression between Means & Std. Deviation for pre, immediate post and follow-up tests of total & subtotal stress scores (N=24).
Figure (2) illustrates the differences between pre-test, immediate post-test and follow up test (after 2 months) of stress levels for total and subtotal stress scores.
The second research hypothesis was supported. • The result revealed that there was no statistically significant difference among age, gender, limb amputation, marital status, residency, level of education, occupational status and levels of psychological stress of the amputees in Gaza governorates during Gaza war in pre-post and follow up tests.
Conclusion Based on the result of present study, it can be concluded that: • The amputees exhibited high stress scores and they had challenges on many levels; the most frequent types of stresses exhibited by them were Coping stress, Responsibility stress, Physiology stress, Amputation stress Peer stress, Emotional stress and Family stress. • The training counseling program had a positive effect in reducing the level of physiological stress among the amputees. And group counseling based on Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy was found to be effective in changing the subject’s belief irrational to a rational belief system.
Conclusion … Cont • The result of sessions' evaluation form analysis revealed that; the session about the development of the scientific problem solving approach in different situations occupied the first rank and the amputees benefit from instruction in effective problem-solving skills.
Recommendations • According to the results of the current study, the following recommendations are suggested: For amputees: • Teaching the amputee to examine and modify his or her irrational perceptions and beliefs to minimize the misconceptions and self-defeating outlook on life and to maximize coping skills and a more realistic philosophy of life.
