Lessons from Sustainable Islands for Scottish Communities

1. What can Scottish communities learn from sustainable islands? Simon Morris

2. What can Scottish communities learn from sustainable islands? Why are islands relevant? Examples from Ricardo’s experience Further examples How to approach an island project

3. Ricardo Energy & Environment

4. No connection or restricted connection geographically to the mainland No connection or restricted connection to main infrastructure networks Local requirement for balancing energy generation, storage and demand Weaker grid stabilisation, reduced options for voltage and frequency control Reduced security of supply Complex logistics for installation, operations and maintenance Energy Supply is critical to island economics and local communities have great awareness of and connection to energy supply An island network managing an increased penetration of distributed generation might be viewed as a example of possible solutions to increasing penetration on the mainland network Characteristics of an island energy system

5. CARES conference 2019 São Tomé and Principe: Least Cost Development Plan • What can we learn from this? • Same goals and drivers across the globe for countries and communities. Lessons to learn • Energy efficiency still the most cost effective option for reducing carbon emissions and tackling fuel poverty • Introduction of solar to least cost development, requires the policy intervention • Mini-grid business models are only sustainable where the customer base is higher than a particular threshold. In São Tomé, this is more than 200 customers • Solar fields next to international airports are viable Background: Population 210,000 across the two islands. Project completed June 2018. Target 50% renewables by 2030 Technology: thermal/ hydro => thermal/ hydro/ solar Project funding: Agência Fiduciária de Administração de Projetos Objectives: • Assess the electricity demand for the next 20 years • Determine least cost combination of generation, transmission and distribution investments to decrease carbon emissions, whilst minimising costs

6. CARES conference 2019 Pacific Islands – Samoa, Micronesia, Tonga, Marshall Islands and Vanuatu Background 9 Pacific islands. Project completed in September 2018. Population 27,000 – 250,000 Scope Dynamic monitoring, energy storage assessment, modelling of generation, grid codes design, fault level analysis Technology: solar PV/ wind/ battery/ diesel hybrid Project funding: World Bank and Pacific Power Association Objectives • Assess the level of renewable energy integration possible whilst maintaining grid stability • Develop grid codes for the islands • Improved air quality What can we learn from this? • Wide data monitoring and analysis is essential • Technology specifications must be verified • Cost Benefit analysis must include social impact grid security to make viable

7. CARES conference 2019 St Helena Objectives 100% renewables by 2027 (previously 2020) Reduced operating costs Improved air quality What can we learn from this? • Energy efficiency is again the most cost effective • Tendering process on outcomes rather than specific design to reduce time and short term cost • Develop procurement strategy to reduce complexity Background: Population 4,500. Initially supported in 2007 (for the BBC). 10 years later. Historically high power prices, due to dependence on diesel (42p/kWh) Technology: Phase 1 (2014): solar (0.6MW) and wind (3MW). Phase 2 (2018): Concession (0.5MW solar, 1MW wind, 1.656MWh battery) solar thermal (standard on government owned affordable homes) Project funding: St Helena Government through funding from BEIS

8. CARES conference 2019 King Island, Tasmania – King Island Renewable Energy Integration Project • https://www.hydro.com.au/clean-energy/hybrid-energy-solutions/success-stories/king-island https://www.hydro.com.au/clean-energy/hybrid-energy-solutions/success-stories/king-island Background: Population 4,000. Not grid connected. Industrial and domestic demand. Project started in 1998 Technology: solar PV/ wind/ diesel/ fly wheel/ dynamic resistor, energy storage, smart grid, demand response (originally 6MW diesel). Completed 2014 Project funding: Australia Renewable Energy Agency Objectives: • 100% renewables (current design 65%) • Grid stabilisation What can we learn from this? • Understanding demand over long period is important • Significant investment, but due to falling demand, project is not operating optimally (curtailment) • Inclusion of flywheels and resistors for frequency and voltage control

9. CARES conference 2019 Isles of Scilly, UK – Smart Energy Islands Programme Objectives: • Cut electricity bills by 40%, • 40% of energy demand through renewables • 40% of vehicles low emission by 2025. What can we learn from this • Whole system approach to energy system management and control • Multi-stakeholder approach (public/ private) • Working with a licence supplier requires a minimum number of customers • Network constraints can be managed by increasing demand, such as heat pumps and storage. Background: Population 2,300, grid connected, but grid constrained. The Isles of Scilly is developing an integrated central IoT Platform to enable the ongoing deployment of energy infrastructure by balancing local energy generation and consumption. Technology: 450kW of solar PV and Home Energy Management Systems devices deployed on 100 social houses and the fire station. 10 Smart Homes with a mixture of Air Source Heat Pumps and batteries have been constructed. Cost and funding: EU-funded through the European Regional Development Fund and the Business Energy Efficiency Scheme financed by HM Government. Overall investment cost around £10.8 million.

10. CARES conference 2019 Samsø, Denmark – Smart Energy Islands Programme Background: Population 4,000. Grid connected. Constrained Technology: wind/ biomass district heating/ solar thermal/ heat pumps/ solar/ EVs Project funding: 1998 prize money for the salary for one development officer Objectives: • 100% renewables in 10 years • Currently: 70% renewable heat, 100% renewable electricity, 100% carbon neutral transport Stakeholders: • Local community • Local authority • Energy academy What can we learn from this? • Engage and work with local stakeholders • Local ownership works as one tool for greater community engagement • One person can make a difference: the story of Søren Hermansen

11. On each island a detailed island audit was completed across multiple energy vectors Developed a local energy plan (electricity/ heat/ transport demand and policy context) Identify local issues (security of supply, cost of electricity etc) Identify local stakeholders Identify projects addressing local issues Develop action plan CARES conference 2019 A common approach

12. Simon Morris Ricardo Energy & Environment Tel: 01237 75 3407 Email: simon.morris@ricardo.com