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生物燃气高值利用研究进展

生物燃气高值利用研究进展. 周 红 军 博士 教授 Prof. Hongjun Zhou 中国石油大学 ( 北京) China University of Petroleum –Beijing (CUPB)01089731979,13701071783. 中国石油大学 ( 北京 ) 新能源研究中心简介.

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生物燃气高值利用研究进展

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  1. 生物燃气高值利用研究进展 周 红 军 博士 教授 Prof. Hongjun Zhou 中国石油大学 (北京) China University of Petroleum –Beijing (CUPB)01089731979,13701071783

  2. 中国石油大学(北京)新能源研究中心简介 • 中国石油大学(北京)新能源研究中心成立于2008年,2009年成功申请北京市“生物能源研究中心”,2010年与中国神华向教育部成功申请“新能源与化学工程”本科专业,2010年成功申请“北京市低碳工程”学科建设,2009年获科技部支撑的全国生物燃气创新联盟副理事单位。 • 2011年计划成立新能源学院,新招<<能源化学工程>>本科专业 • 新能源研究中心研究方向:

  3. Hongjun ZhouBiography / 周红军简介 • 周红军,博士,教授,主要从事生物能源、洁清煤、绿色含氧化合物和清洁燃料研究。中石化从业十七年,历任课题组长、技术项目经理,组织技术开发和工业设计500多项。2005年调入中国石油大学(北京)任教,中国石油大学(北京)新能源研究中心副主任,煤制油和煤化工研究中心主任,生物燃气创新联盟副理事长。 • Hongjun Zhou, PhD, professor. His research interests include bioenergy, clean coal, green oxygenated chemicals and other clean fuels. Prof. Zhou worked in Sinopec for 17 years, took the position of Group leader, and Technical Project Manager. He had successfully organized technology development and industrial design more than 500 projects. In 2005, Prof. Zhou was transferred to China University of Petroleum (Beijing). Now he is vice director of New Energy Research Center, director of Coal Oil and Coal Chemical Industry Research Center of the university, as well as vice chairman of the Biogas Innovation Union.

  4. 目 录 世界能源发展趋势 国内能源形势和天然气现状 生物能源和生物燃气 生物燃气应用 沼气提纯技术 沼气化工利用技术 社会主义新农村能源解决方案

  5. 世界能源发展趋势 • 能源形态:固→液→气 • 煤→石油→天然气及氢气

  6. 美国石油消费分布 • 交通 67.8%(2000) 72.7%(2025) • 工业原料 11.7% 10.4% • 工业燃料 12.7% 11.2% • 建筑 7.7% 5.7%

  7. 美国石油替代战略 • 高效利用石油:汽车改进革新如减重,轮胎,新能源汽车,房屋节能 • 生物替代:生物乙醇,藻制油与二氧化碳减排 • 天然气节约与替代:非常规天然气如煤层气,页岩气 • 氢能替代

  8. 中国能源现状 • 多煤 • 缺油 • 少气

  9. 中国的国家石油替代战略 • 高速铁路 • 洁净煤 • 电动新能源汽车 • 新能源:生物乙醇,风能,太阳能,生物质能,核能,水合物,煤层气,页岩气,油沙

  10. 中国天然气市场现状 以年均超过10%的速度迅速增长 根据国家能源战略,2020年前,天然气消耗占总能源消耗的比例将由现在的3%提高到9% 国内天然气价格有很大的提升空间

  11. 中国各地管道天然气和压缩天然气价格

  12. BIOFUELS AND BIOGAS 生物能源和生物燃气

  13. Bioenergy industries develop fast in China / 中国生物质能源发展迅速 Zhang Peidong, et al. Bioenergy industries development in China: Dilemma and solution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009, 13: 2571-2579. • Abundant biomass resources in China/中国有丰富的生物质资源 • 2.8×108~3.0×108 t/a wood energy(木质能源) • 4.0×106 t/a oil seeds(油料籽) • 7.7×108 t/a crops straw(秸杆) • 3.97×109 t/a poultry and livestock manure(畜禽粪便) • 1.48×108 t/a municipal waste(市政垃圾) • 4.37×1010 t/a organic wastewater(有机废水) • Bioenergy industries(End of 2007)/生物质能源规模(至2007年底) • 2.65×107 rural household biogas(农村户用沼气), 8318 large and middle-scale biogas projects(大中型沼气工程), 1.08×1010 m3 biogas(沼气); • 1.5×106 t/a bioethanol(生物乙醇); • 3.0×105 t/a biodiesel(生物柴油); • 6.0×104 t/a biomass briquettes fuel(生物质固化成型燃料); • 6.42×109 kWh biomass power generation(生物质发电);

  14. 生物质能源转化方案

  15. Local emission/局部污染物排放(NOx, HC, PM) Diesel/柴油 Biodiesel/ 生物柴油 Petrol/汽油 Electric Hybrid/混合电 Ethanol/乙醇 LNG/ 液化天然气 Biogas/ 生物燃气 CNG/ 压缩天然气 Fuel-cells/ 燃料电池 Electric/电 Global effect CO2/全球二氧化碳效应 Environmental performance / 环保成效及CDM Source: Book of environmental data for fuels, IVL Swedish environmental institute 2001

  16. Biogas process and composition / 沼气的产生和组成 • The table lists the typical properties of biogas from landfills, digesters and a comparison with average values for Danish natural gas for 2005. /表中列出了典型的垃圾场填埋气、厌氧发酵沼气和天然气的组成。 • Under anaerobic conditions, organic material is decomposed by microorganisms to the final products methane and carbon dioxide./厌氧条件下,微生物分解有机物生成最终产物甲烷和二氧化碳。 Complex organic material/复杂有机原料 proteins, carbohydrates, fats etc./蛋白质, 碳水化合物, 脂肪 Hydrolysis/水解 Soluble organic compounds/可溶性有机化合物 amino acids, sugars, etc./氨基酸, 糖等 Fermentation/发酵 Intermediate products/中间产物 fatty acids, alcohols, etc./脂肪酸, 醇等 Anaerobic oxidation/厌氧氧化 Acetic acid/乙酸 H2 + CO2 Methane production/甲烷产生 CH4 + CO2 (Biogas)

  17. Gas yields from different substrates / 不同底物生产沼气 Biogas production from crops/粮食作物生产沼气 • Biogas production has become a major feature of Europe agriculture, with maize as a typical energy crop. /沼气生产已成为欧洲农业的主要特点,以玉米为典型的能源作物。 Source: Ake Nordberg, Biogas from crops, JTI. Biogas production from other substrates/其他底物生产沼气 Source: Ulf Nordberg, JTI.

  18. Energy content of biogas / 生物燃气的能量 • A typical normal cubic metre of methane has a calorific value of ca. 10 kWh, while carbon dioxide has none at all. /1立方米标准状况下的纯甲烷的发热量是10kWh。 • The energy content of biogas is directly related to the methane content. /生物燃气的能量含量与甲烷含量直接相关。 • If biogas comprises 60 % methane, the energy content is ca. 6.0 kWh per cubic metre. /如果沼气中含60%的甲烷,则每立方米的能量是6.0kWh。 The energy content of different fuels/不同燃料的能量比较 Source: www.preem.se (petrol, diesel, E85), www.swedegas.se (natural gas)

  19. Standard of biogas / 生物燃气标准 Chinese standard for natural gas/中国天然气标准 • There is no biogas standards in China. /中国尚无生物燃气标准。 Swedish standard for biogas as vehicle fuel/瑞典车用生物燃气标准 注:Type I and type II are for civil use. Type III is for industrial use./I型和II型是民用燃气,III型做工业原料或燃料。 Chinese standard for natural gas as vehicle fuel/中国车用天然气标准 *The gas volume is calculated at 273.15K and 101.325kPa.

  20. BIOGASAPPLICATIONS 生物燃气应用

  21. One gas, many applications / 生物燃气应用广泛 Weak cleaning/简单净化 Strict cleaning/严格净化 Martina Poschl, et al. Evaluation of energy efficiency of various biogas production and utilization pathways. Applied Energy 2010, 87: 3305-3321.

  22. Five primary substrates to produce biogas / 生产沼气的五类主要底物 • Industrial organic wastewater 工业有机废水 • Landfill 垃圾填埋场 • Livestock manures 畜禽粪便 • City domestic wastewater 城市生活废水 • Agriculture waste 农林废弃物

  23. Q: Electricity or Biomethane? / 问题: 发电还是生物甲烷? • Assume a 800Nm3/h biogas plant, use devices and technologies from a German company./假设一个每小时产气800Nm3的沼气项目,使用一家德国公司的设备和技术。

  24. Financial comparison of power generation with purification solution/ 发电和提纯方案经济比较 • With purification option, 1 m3 biogas can generate 0.7 Yuan profit more compared to power generation. /与沼气发电相比,利用提纯技术每立方米沼气可多产生利润0.7元。 • For a 800m3/h biogas plant, biogas purification can bring 4.9 million RMB more profits compare to power generation. /以一个产气量800m3/h的沼气项目为例,沼气提纯可以比发电多产生490万的经济效益。 • Gas price is expected to increase faster than electricity so biogas purification will be more profitable. /燃气的价格将比电价增长快,因此沼气提纯将更具经济吸引力。 • The bigger biogas plant, the bigger profit gap. /项目规模越大,利润差越大。

  25. Q: CBG or LBG? / 问题: 压缩生物甲烷还是液化生物甲烷? • LBG – Liquefied Biogas / 液化生物甲烷 • Atmospheric pressure (1 bar) 常压 • Temperature approx. -170oC 低温 • High energy content per volume 能量密度较高 • 1.7 liter LBG=1 liter diesel • Transport on cryogenic trailer 通过冷冻拖车运输 • Suitable for trucks and buses 适合卡车和巴士 • Easily converted to CBG 容易转化成CBG • Cheaper and easier to distribute than CBG 配送过程简单经济 • Strict device and process 设备和工艺要求高 • CBG – Compressed Biogas / 压缩生物甲烷 • Pressure about 220 bar 压力大约220bar • Ambient temperature 常温 • Low energy content per volume 能量密度较低 • 5 liter CBG=1 liter diesel • Transport through pipeline or can 通过管线或罐装运输 • Suitable for buses and cars 适合巴士和小汽车 • Not easily converted to LBG 不易转化成LBG

  26. Multiple products from biogas / 生物甲烷的产品形式 • Pipeline gas 管道燃气 • Tank gas 罐装燃气 • NGH 水合物 • CNG 压缩生物燃气 • LNG 液化生物燃气

  27. 沼气生产的SNG与管道天然气 性能对比

  28. 沼气加工耗能

  29. TECHNIQUES FOR BIOGAS UPGRADING沼气提纯技术

  30. Key techniques for biogas to biomethane / 沼气制生物甲烷的关键技术 • Desulfurization / 脱硫 • CO2 removal / 脱碳 • Deoxidization / 脱氧

  31. Desulfurization / 脱硫技术 • Sulfur compound 硫化合物 • H2S 硫化氢 • Mercaptan 硫醇 • Sulfide 硫醚 • Thiophene 噻吩 • Our desulfurizer SQ-108 can make total sulfur below 1ppm. SQ-108脱硫剂可使总硫降至1ppm以下。

  32. CO2 removal / 二氧化碳脱除 Comparison of CO2-Removal Technologies 不同二氧化碳脱除技术的比较

  33. Washing scrubbing: the most popular technology for biogas upgrading in Europe / 水洗法: 欧洲沼气提纯的常用技术

  34. CO2 removal experiment device 脱碳实验装置

  35. Deoxidization / 脱氧技术 • Principle for deoxidization 脱氧原理 • Oxidation 氧化作用 • CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O • 2H2+O2 →2H2O • Our deoxidization process can make O2 below 100ppm. 我们用的脱氧技术可将氧气脱除至100ppm以下。 Deoxidization: special problem in developing countries. 脱氧:发展中国家遇到的特殊问题:

  36. 煤制油化工技术 Deoxidization experiment device 脱氧实验装置

  37. Requirements of biogas treatment technology / 对沼气处理技术的要求 • Low methane loss 低甲烷损失 • Low energy consumption 低能量消耗 • Reduce operation steps and increase product purity 减少操作步骤,增加产品纯度 • Flexible capability for gas load or other alterations 当气体处理量或其他操作变化时有灵活的适用性 • Low cost 低成本 • Economic feasibility for production efficiency below 250m3/h raw gas 当粗沼气处理量小于250m3/h时有经济可行性

  38. Gasometer 气柜 Pre-treatment 预处理 Gas gathering system 气体收集系统 Vacuum blower 真空风机 Air blower 风机 Decarburization 脱碳 Deoxidation 脱氧 Desulfuration 脱硫 Compressor 压缩机 Denitrification 变压吸附脱氮 High pressure engine CNG bottle groups 高压机和CNG瓶组 CNG filling equipment 加气设备 Landfill biogas to CNG (Beijing) / 垃圾场填埋气制CNG (北京) • Anding landfill, Beijing 北京安定垃圾填埋场 • In operation 运行时间: 2010.11 • The desulfuration section includes two absorption columns: the first one is loaded with SQ104 catalyst to remove H2S and carbonyl sulphide, part of carbon disulfide, disulphide and thiophene; the second one is loaded with SQ104 and SQ108 catalysts to remove carbon disulfide, disulphide and thiophene et al. The desulfuration catalysts also have obvious effect to wipe off silicon, silicide, chloride and ammonia. 第一脱硫吸收塔装填的是SQ104脱硫催化剂,脱除填埋气中硫化氢、羰基硫和部分二硫化碳、二硫化物和噻吩等,第二脱硫吸收塔装填的是SQ104和SQ108脱硫催化剂,主要脱除二硫化碳、二硫化物和噻吩等复杂硫化物。脱硫催化剂为活性碳改性催化剂,对硅、硅化物、氯化物、氨等都有良好的脱除效果。 • The deoxidation section uses SQ410 catalyst, which contains noble metal.脱氧净化是利用含贵金属的SQ410催化剂。 • CUPC solvent is applied to absorb CO2 in the decarburization section and regenerated in the actifier column.脱碳纯化工段是CUPC溶剂对CO2吸收和再生过程。 Schematic process of the landfill gas upgrading 垃圾场填埋气净化流程

  39. Landfill biogas to CNG (Beijing) / 垃圾场填埋气制CNG (北京) Biogas upgrading to produce CNG Desulfurization Deoxidization CO2 removal

  40. Landfill biogas to CNG (Beijing) / 垃圾场填埋气制CNG (北京) Biomethane to CNG

  41. Landfill biogas to CNG (Wenzhou) / 垃圾场填埋气制CNG (温州) Biogas of Yangfushan landfill杨府山垃圾填埋场的填埋气检测 (2010.10) • Under process design 正在进行工艺设计 • Total area 174 acre, 1.8 million m3 waste占地174亩, 垃圾总填埋量180万m3 • Wells with lower biogas flow mostly located at lower plane 产气量较少的竖井多分布于较低的填埋平面上 • H2S below 100ppm 硫化氢含量在100ppm以下 N Closed landfill 已封场的垃圾场 Well distribution map 集气井分布图

  42. Landfill biogas to CNG (Wenzhou) / 垃圾场填埋气制CNG (温州) • Process map 流程图

  43. 沼气化工利用技术

  44. Overview of syngas / 合成气应用概况

  45. Gas to liquid / 从气体燃料到液体燃料 • Biogas dry reforming is similar as steam reforming, but require more severe reaction condition 沼气干重整反应上与蒸汽重整相近,但反应条件更苛刻 • Temperature: reaction heat of CO2reforming is 20% higher than that of steam reforming, so need more heat and strict heat transfer condition 温度:CO2重整反应热比蒸汽重整要高20%,需要供给更多热量,对传热要求更高 • Catalyst: reactions nearby thermodynamic carbon deposit region, so catalysts should have good anti-coking ability 催化剂:反应在热力学积炭区附近,催化剂必须在高温下具有很好的抗积炭性能 • Process: more severe conditions for reaction equipments 反应工艺:对反应装置的要求更苛刻 • From syngas, we can get multiple liquid fuels or other chemicals 从合成气可制得多种液体燃料或其他化学品

  46. Biogas (CO2/CH4) dry reforming / 沼气干重整 High temperature anti-carbon catalysts 高温抗结炭催化剂

  47. Biogas (CO2/CH4) dry reforming / 沼气干重整 Process for biogas dry reforming to produce syngas

  48. Experiment device of syngas production from biogas 沼气制合成气中试装置

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