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The Influx of English – and other current issues in Norwegian language policy

Lars Anders Kulbrandstad Hedmark University College, Norway. The Influx of English – and other current issues in Norwegian language policy. Lecture at Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, October 6 2003. What’s so special about Norway?.

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The Influx of English – and other current issues in Norwegian language policy

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  1. Lars Anders KulbrandstadHedmark University College, Norway The Influx of English –and other current issues in Norwegian language policy Lecture at Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, October 6 2003

  2. What’s so special about Norway? • A strong position for dialect use in all public arenas

  3. What’s so special about Norway? • Two written standards of the national language: bokmål and nynorsk

  4. Fader vår, du som er i himmelen!La ditt navn holdes hellig.La ditt rike komme.La din vilje skje på jordensom i himmelen.Gi oss i dag vårt daglige brød.Forlat oss vår skyld,som vi òg forlater våre skyldnere.Led oss ikke inn i fristelse,men frels oss fra det onde.[For riket er ditt, og makten og æren i evighet. Amen.] Fader vår, du som er i himmelen!Lat namnet ditt helgast.Lat riket ditt koma.Lat viljen din råda på jordasom i himmelen.Gjev oss i dag vårt daglege brød.Forlat oss vår skuld,som vi òg forlet våre skuldmenn.Før oss ikkje ut i freisting,men frels oss frå det vonde.[For riket er ditt, og makta og æra i all æve. Amen.]

  5. Fader vår, du som er i himmelen!La ditt navn holdes hellig.La ditt rike komme.La din vilje skje på jordensom i himmelen.Gi oss i dag vårt daglige brød.Forlat oss vår skyld,som vi òg forlater våre skyldnere.Led oss ikke inn i fristelse,men frels oss fra det onde.[For riket er ditt, og makten og æren i evighet. Amen.] Fader vår, du som er i himmelen!Latnamnet ditt helgast.Lat riket ditt koma.Lat viljen din råda på jordasom i himmelen.Gjev oss i dag vårt daglege brød.Forlat oss vår skuld,som vi òg forlet våre skuldmenn.Før oss ikkje ut i freisting,men frels oss frå det vonde.[For riket er ditt, og makta og æra i all æve. Amen.]

  6. What’s so special about Norway? • Great freedom of choice between alternative forms of words within each standard

  7. Bokmål • hjem or heim • ben or bein • en bok or ei bok • boken or boka • husene or husa • kasta or kastet • Nynorsk • me or vi • fyrst or først • bjode or by • viljug or villig • mylnar or møllar • bråkut or bråket(e)

  8. Bokmål Hun kastet alle plaggene i kurven Ho kasta alle plagga i korga [She threw all the clothes in the basket] Nynorsk Me høyrde nokre merkelege ljodar frå fjelli Vi hørte noen merkelige lydar frå fjella [We heard some strange noices from the mountains]

  9. What’s so special about Norway? • Official status for the indigenous language Sámi

  10. Sámegiella Bures boahtin Guovdageainnu suohkana neahttasiidduide!

  11. What’s so special about Norway? • Active official effort to limit the influence of English

  12. The Norwegian Language Council … protect the cultural heritage represented by the Norwegian written and spoken language […] … protect the rights of each citizen with regard to the use of the Norwegian language

  13. English a threat to Norwegian? • linguisticaly •  English words in Norwegian complicate the relationship between pronunciation and spelling • sociolinguisticaly •  the use of English in research, higher education and business threatens the position of Norwegian as a complete, all-purpose language

  14. sag /sa:g/ lime /li:me/ bag /bæg/ time /taime/ seil /seil/ kveite /kveite/ mail /meil/ skate /skeite/

  15. Strategies towards English words «knocking on the door» • Wish them welcome as they are • boots, camping, caps, rock, hip-hop, printer

  16. Tryto find something instead •  television > fjernsyn e-mail > e-post skateboard > rullebrett browser > nettleser

  17. «Norwegianize» the spelling •  bluff > bløff brief > brife gear > gir hike > haike score > skåre trawler > tråler

  18. Some words Norwegianized in 1996

  19. Adjust the pronunciationto the spelling • nylon /nailen/ > /ny:lon/ • pilot /pailet/ > /pilu:t/ • jazz /djæ:z/ > /jas/

  20. English words – a big problem? • around 2200 English loan words in Bokmålsordboka (total number of words 60 000) • 2 English loan words per 1000 running words in fiction, 23 per 1000 running words in magazine texts about pop music and fashion

  21. Amuch bigger threat: loss of domains • buisness • major Norwegian companies use English as company language, e.g. Hydro, Kvaerner • higher education • 50 % of text books in English (science: 64 %) • more and more courses taught in English • research (exemple University of Oslo 99-00) • percentage of publications in English science: 75 % medicine: 60 % social science: 45 %

  22. ”When a language is less and less used as a technical and scientific language it is threatened. When a language no more is the language in which one reads scientific literature, writes one’s articles and develops new and creative ideas, it is threatened. It is good reason to claim that the Norwegian language is threatened and that many universities contribute to this.” Professor Birgit Brock-Utne [My translation]

  23. What is being done? • Norwegian Language Council • - ”Plan for strengthening of the Norwegian language” • - Campains to raise conscience and influence attitudes

  24. Norwegian – for another thousand years?

  25. ”The small languages risk being absorbed by the big languages. Perhaps in ten years’ time English has become dominant in Iceland – in thirty years in Norway” Henrik Groth, editor, in Dagbladet, August 1960 [My translation]

  26. Language planning – the two written standards • [2000 Bokmål Nynorsk ] • 1981 Bokmål Nynorsk • 1959 Bokmål Nynorsk • 1937 Bokmål Nynorsk • 1917 Riksmål Landsmål • Riksmål Landsmål

  27. 2001 – 2003: An end within official language policy to the idea of melting the two written standards into a one common Norwegian written language

  28. From two fronts stuggle to one front struggle Bokmål vs. Nynorsk English vs. English VS. Norwegian

  29. Takk for oppmerksomheten!

  30. What’s so special about Norway? • Strong position for dialect use in all public arenas • Two written standards of the national language:bokmål and nynorsk • Great freedom of choice between alternative forms of words within each standard • Official status for the indigenous language Sámi • Active official effort to limit the influence of English

  31. Regjeringa har som utgangspunkt å leggje tilhøva til rette for ei god utvikling for nynorsk skriftspråk. Den tilnærmingslinja mellom bokmål og nynorsk som tidlegare stod sentralt i offisiell norsk språkpolitikk, framstår i dag i praksis som mindre aktuell. Det synest å vere etter måten brei politisk aksept for at vi i dag har to offisielle norske språkformer, og at dette vil vere ein relativt varig situasjon. Det inneber at i staden for å leggje vekt på utviklingstendensar som på sikt kan føre dei to målformene saman, blir måldyrkingsarbeidet snarare knytt til spørsmålet om korleis bokmål og nynorsk kvar for seg skal kunne utvikle seg best mogleg. I tillegg til å sikre individuelle språkrettar både for nynorsk- og bokmålsbrukarane bør reglane for offentleg språkbruk også utformast og praktiserast slik at dei kan vere med på å sikre det mangfaldet som dei to offisielle målformene representerer i norsk kultur- og samfunnsliv.» The Norwegian Department of Cultural Affairs 2001

  32. Masvie 1992

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