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Historia de la Iglesia

Historia de la Iglesia. Dr. John Oakes Sociedad de Investigación Apologética . ¿Por qué estudiamos la Historia de la Iglesia?. ¿Para aprender de los Errores de la Historia → para evitarlos? Aquellos que no pueden aprender de la historia están condenados a repetirla .

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Historia de la Iglesia

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  1. Historia de la Iglesia Dr. John Oakes Sociedad de Investigación Apologética

  2. ¿Por qué estudiamos la Historia de la Iglesia? • ¿Para aprender de los Errores de la Historia → para evitarlos? Aquellos que no pueden aprender de la historia están condenados a repetirla. • Descubrir nuestros propias raices (Movimiento de Restauración, Ministerios Universitarios, ICOC) • Evitar columpiar el péndulo Gracia ↔ Legalismo Doctrina ↔ Celo, Emoción, Corazón Ascetismo ↔ Libertad

  3. ¿Cómo se perdió el Verdadero Cristianismo? • Crecimiento de grupos separados, grupos heréjes con falsas enseñanzas. • Desvío gradual de la “verdadera iglesia”, de las prácticas bíblicas, por razones buenas y sinceras.

  4. Cismas y Herejías tempranos • Judaizantes legalismo • Gnósticos humanidad de Jesus, conocimiento profundo • Marcionitas Jehova un Dios Malo • Montanistas carismáticos • Novatianistas, Donatistas pureza de la iglesia • Arianes deidad de Jesus

  5. El Evangelio de Judas

  6. El desvío de la Iglesia Apostólica… • Liderazgo/ Organización de la Iglesia • Doctrina del Bautismo • Ascetismo, Monasticismo • Credos, Liturgia, Calendario de la iglesia, Sacramentalismo • Sacerdotalismo/Sacerdocio La Cena del Señor se convirtió en un sacrificio • Hermeneutica

  7. Lecciones Aprendidas de la iglesia primitiva • Evitar estructura organizacional convenientes pero no-bíblica. • Resistir la tendencia hacia el ritualismo en nuestras reuniones. • No sobre-reaccionar a las falsas doctrinas. • Evitar depender de credos para defender la verdad. • No sobre-enfatizar la importancia del sacrificio físico, oración o cualquier otra buena actividad espiritual. • Enfatizar los métodos buenos de la exégesis de Biblia

  8. ¿Verdadero Cristianismo en la Edad Media? • Paulicianos 650-900’s Asia Menor • Albigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Sur de Francia • Arnoldo de Brescia 1100 Italia • Pedro de Bruys 1110 Norte de Italia • Valdenses 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, Suiza

  9. La Reforma • John Wyclif Inglaterra, 1324-1384 • John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415 • Martin Lutero Alemania, 1483-1546 • Ulrich Zwingli Suiza, 1484-1531 • William Tyndale Inglaterra, 1494-1536 • Juan Calvino Francia, 1509-1564 • John Knox Escocia, 1505-1572

  10. John Wyclif 1324-1384 Tradujo la Vulgata al Inglés Se opuso a las indulgencias, idolos, sacerdocio. El Papa es el anticristo. Sus seguidores fueron conocidos como Lollards Se le declaró hereje en 1401

  11. John Huss 1374-1415 Bohemia Influenciado por Wyclif La Biblia es la única autoridad Solo Dios puede perdonar los pecados Quemado en la estaca Los Hussitas fueron virtualmente aniquilados por la Inquisición Iglesias Brethren y Moravian

  12. John Huss, quemado en la estaca, en el año 1415

  13. Martin Lutero 1483-1546 Monje Agustiano 95 Tesis en Wittenburg Estudio de Romanos Solo la Fe Solo las Escrituras Predestinación Libro de Santiago, un “Libro de paja.” Mantuvo muchas de las practicas de los Católicos en el culto

  14. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Reformista suizo Más radical que Lutero Rechazó casi todas las formas de adoración de los católicos. Difiere en cuanto a la Cena del Señor Su influencia dio origen a los Anabaptistas Principal influencia en Juan Calvino

  15. El MovimientoAnabaptista (1530’s y después) La Reforma Radical Menno Simmons 1496-1561 Martirio de los Anabaptistas

  16. El Movimiento Anabaptista(cont.) • Bautismo por inmersion de adultos después de la confesión de fe para la salvación. • La Biblia es la única autoridad. • Separación de la iglesia y el Estado. • Enfatizó ambos, la vida y la doctrina • Pacifistas (usualmente) • Muchos martirios • Comenzaron siendo evangelísticos, pero se convirtieron en exclusivistas y retirados. (Menonitas, Amish, Hutterites • Tendió a dividirse constantemente sobre cosas no importantes

  17. Juan Calvino 1509-1564 • Influenciado muy fuertemente por Zwingli • Fuertemente influenciado por la teología de Agustin • El teólogo más influyente de la Reforma • Enfatizó la Teología Historica/Testamentaria • Escribio Institutos de la Religion Cristiana • Estableció una gobierno eclesiastico en Ginebra. • Mejor conocido por su fuerte enfasis en la Predestinación • TULIP

  18. TULIP • Total depravity of mankind (Depravación total de la humanidad) • Unconditional election (Elección incondicional) • Limited atonement (Expiación limitada) • Irresistible grace (Gracia irresistible) • final Preservation of the saints (la conservación final de los santos)

  19. Otros importantes personajes de la Reforma • William Tyndale Tradujo el NT desde el griego y el AT desde el hebreo. • KJV fue una revisión de Tyndale. • Martirizado en 1536. • John Knox 1505-1572. Llevó el Calvinismo a Escocia. Dio origen a la iglesia Presbiterana. • Puritanos. Inglaterra. Autonomía Congregacional. Dio logar a la Iglesia Congregacional • Bautistas. Agregaron el bautismo al Calvinismo. • Quakers. Literalmente quaked (temblados). Carismáticos, movimiento emocional.

  20. Jacob Arminius (1569-1609) • “Arminianism” • Semi-Pelagianism? • Opposed supralapsarianism • Prevenient grace. God foreknows, but does not predetermine. • Calvinism makes God the author of sin. • Methodists, Restoration Movement

  21. The Stone/Campbell Movement Restoration or Reformation?

  22. Influences • Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific approach to the facts of the Bible. • John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher” • The Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy (Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.) • The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and other radical restorationist sects.

  23. James O’Kelly We are “Christians simply”

  24. Rice Haggard 1769-1819 “One thing I know, that whenever non-essentials are made terms of communion, it will never fail to have a tendency to disunite and scatter the church of Christ.”

  25. Barton W. Stone 1772-1844The heart of the movement The Cane Ridge Revival The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery “Let Christian Unity be our Polar Star.” “I do, so far as I see it consistent with the word of God.”

  26. The Presbytery of Springfield, sitting at Cane Ridge, in the county of Bourbon, being, through a gracious Providence, in more than ordinary bodily health, growing in strength and size daily; and in perfect soundness and composure of mind; but knowing what it is appointed for all delegated bodies once to die: and considering that the life of every such body is very uncertain, do take, and ordain this our Last Will and Testament, in manner and following,…. And with that the Springfield Presbytery no longer existed and the Stone movement began.

  27. Thomas Campbell 1763-1851 Emigrated to Pennsylvania 1807 Suspended by Presbyterian Church The Declaration and Address 1809 Principles for unity of Christians.

  28. Alexander Campbell 1788-1866The mind of the movement Joined Thomas from Scotland 1809 Believers only baptism 1812 Campbell/Walker Debate 1820 The Millennial Harbinger 1830 Bethany College 1840

  29. Walter Scott (1796-1861) First evangelist in the movement “Restored the gospel” in 1827 The five step “plan” of salvation Scott’s: faith, repentance, baptism, remission of sins, Holy Spirit CoC today: hear, believe, repent, confess, be baptized

  30. The crowning event of the early years: • 1824 Stone and Campbell met for the first time • Decided to form a unified movement • Problems: • Christian (Stonites) or Disciple (Campbellites) • 2. Emotional vs intellectual movements (preachers vs teachers) • Teaching on baptism • Ordination of ministers • 5. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit

  31. Hermeneutics of the Movement “Command, Example and Necessary Demonstrations.” “Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent” Sought Bible “facts.” Weak on principles. Tended toward legalism.

  32. The Turning Point: Were they a unity movement (a reformation) or a restoration movement? Stone and Campbell favored reformation (example; the Christadelphians) Walter Scott, Benjamin Franklin, Tolbert Fanning, David Lipscomb and others moved toward restoration. Sought “the perfect pattern.”

  33. The Dominating Influences in the Movement • The Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb College, etc.) • The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial Harbinger, The American Christian Review, The Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.) • These were forces for unity and for division

  34. Points of disunity/division • Evangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary Society) • The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society supported the North) • The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a church where an organ stands.” • Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb. • 1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The Church of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.

  35. David Lipscomb (1831-1917) “Father” of the Church of Christ Founder of Lipscomb University Editor of the Gospel Advocate 1866-1917 Daniel Sommer “Watchdog” for the brotherhood. “Daniel Sommer was a militant who left a legacy of legalistic wrangling and divided congregations.”

  36. Other Controversies • One cup, Sunday School, “anti” churches • Premillennialism • For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership. • UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs. NACC (North American Christian Convention) • Two denominations by about 1950

  37. Lessons to be learned • Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong hierarchical structure. • Separating essential matters from the non-essential is harder than we think. • A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs instruments to maintain unity. • Careful thinking about theology, church structure and history are required for long term growth and unity. • It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with whom we disagree.

  38. Book Recommendations: Reviving the Ancient Faith (Hughes) The Stone Campbell Movement (Garrett) Into All Nations (Foster Stanback) The Search for the Ancient Order (West)

  39. Crossroads/Boston/ICOC Movement • 1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC • 1967 Chuck Lucas 14th Street CoC (Crossroads CoC) • Soul talks • Prayer partners • Emphasis on evangelism • After 1975 “campus ministries” • Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc… • Many church splits resulted • 1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC • “sold out” disciples only in the church • Amazing growth • Emphasis on world evangelism • Vertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of methodology

  40. Boston/LA/ICOC movement (cont.) • Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985 • Official split with CoC 1986 • Who’s fault was it? • Church Reconstructions 1988 • You are in or you are out • Evangelization Proclamation 1994 • Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the movement November, 2001 • Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003 • Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”

  41. Hermeneutics of CoC and ICOC • Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.” • Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.” • CoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible colleges • Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and skeptical of theological training.

  42. Where Should We Go From Here? Balance of autonomy and cooperation Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one another passages Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our simple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young leaders Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well) Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and other groups.

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