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Stephan Borrmann

Stephan Borrmann Kathy Law (Univ. Paris-Jussieu) Daniel Kunkel, Joachim Curtius (Univ. of Mainz and MPIC) Ralf Weigel (Univ. Clermont-Ferrand) Silvia Viciani (INOA, Florence) G. Shur, A. Ulanovsky (CAO, Moscow, Russia).

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Stephan Borrmann

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  1. Stephan Borrmann Kathy Law(Univ. Paris-Jussieu) Daniel Kunkel, Joachim Curtius(Univ. of Mainz and MPIC)Ralf Weigel (Univ. Clermont-Ferrand) Silvia Viciani (INOA, Florence)G. Shur, A. Ulanovsky (CAO, Moscow, Russia) Ultrafine particles in the West African UT/LS: In-situ measurements in August 2006 during the AMMA monsoon period 2007 EGU General Assembly, AS 1.14 – 1 FR4O-001

  2. (1) Instrument: COPAS on Russian high altitude research aircracft M-55 „Geophysica“

  3. Specialized CPC type COndensation PArticle counting System heated channel (250°C) • Condensable • liquid: Fluorinert - 1 Hz data -  10% - isokinetic inlet < 1µm unheated channel

  4. COPAS Deliverables 1 Hz time series/vertical profilesup to 20 km of particle # / cm³ * for sizes > 6 nm * for size diam. > 10 nm * for size diam. > 14 nm * above 10 nm after heating to 250 °C => non volatile residue * derived: Fraction f of non volatile to total # for > 10 nm

  5. UMAINZ/MPIC instrumentation on „Geophysica“ 2 Modified FSSP-SPP100 1 Cloud Imaging Probe CIP 2 COPAS units COPAS I COPAS II

  6. Russian M-55 „Geophysica“ (20 km ceiling)

  7. (2) Results: „Global“ background aerosol between potentialtemperatures Θof 367 K and 460 K

  8. TROCCINOX, SCOUT-O3, AMMA transfer flights VeronaItaly MarrakeshMarocco OuagadougouBurina Faso AccraGhana Latitude range: 55 °N to 20 °S , Jan 2005 until Aug 2006, no major volcano eruption

  9. Marrakech-Ouagadougou Pressure hPa] „Cold“ 10 nm channel Heated 10 nm channel

  10. -●- n6 TROCCINOX–Transfer Germany - Brazil -●- n6 SCOUT – Transfer Germany - Australia AMMA transfer Θ, altitude range ≈ 367 K to 460 K ≈ 12 km to 17 km

  11. (3) Results: Vertical profiles Mid-latitudes, Brazil, Australia, West-Africa

  12. -●- EUPLEX- Test, Forli, 2002 ―CN, Laramie, USA, Deshler et al. 2003 ● Marshal Test flight, OPH 2005 ● SCOUT-Transfer, OPH - Larnaca, 2005 ● SCOUT-Transfer, Larnaca - OPH, 2005 -●- AMMA 2006, mid-latitude flights Remar- kably konstant from 1999 until 2006 2005, 48°N July 2006 200535°N Mid latitude vertical profiles 2002 to 2006 2005 2002, 44°N 1999, 41°N

  13. COPAS-data vs altitude particle sizes > 6 nm  1 µm SCOUT-O3 transfer flightsGermany – Australia Nov. and Dec. 2005 Stratospheric compactness ● 04.11.2005 OPH - Larnaca ● 04.11.2005 Larnaca - Dubai ● 07.11.2005 Dubai – Hyderabad ● 09.11.2005 Hyderabad – U-Tapao ● 11.11.2005 U-Tapao - Brunei ● 12.11.2005 Brunei – Darwin ● 09.12.2005 Darwin - Brunei ● 10.12.2005 Brunei – U-Tapao ● 13.12.2005 U-Tapao – Hyderabad ● 14.12.2005 Hyderabad - Dubai ● 16.12.2005 Dubai - Larnaca ● 17.12.2005 Larnaca - OPH Tropospheric variability

  14. SCOUT-O3 local flightsDarwin, Australia COPAS-data vs altitude particle sizes > 6 nm  1 µm Contrail crossing ? ● 16.11.2005 ● 19.11.2005 ● 23.11.2005 ● 25.11.2005 ● 29.11.2005 ● 30.11.2005 A ● 30.11.2005 B ● 05.12.2005

  15. COPAS-data vs altitude particle sizes > 6 nm  1 µm ● n10 non-volatile ● n10 total ● n14 ●n6 -●- median n10 AMMA local flightsOuagadougou: * Unusual increase above 450 K* Compact data with very little scatter* No nucleation particles Potential Temperature [K] Particle number concentration [cm³]

  16. Context of other tropical data from „Geophysica“: Vertical profilesTropical Brazil, Australia, West-Africa => W. African profile IS unusual. Darwin Amma Brazil Potential temperature [K] Brock, 1995 Particle mixing ratio [#/mg]

  17. All AMMA flights: Red: θ = 500 KBlue: θ = 350 K „Anomaly“ also in „N2O space“

  18. Except AMMA all data from Chuck Wilson, Denver University, ER-2 and WB-57 tropical measurements from 1996 onward Potential temperature [K] Context with other tropical data Ultrafine particle mixing ratio [#/mg of air]

  19. (4) Results:nonvolatile ultrafine particles ( >10 nm and  1 µm ) (nonvolatile) particle number above 10 nm per cm³ of air (250 °C) f= total particle number density > 10 nm (ambient temperature) nonvolatile residues » « = ambient particles

  20. Striking increase inside 2003 arctic vortex above400 K Mid latitudes ― Brock et al. (1995) outside tropics -●- COPAS n10 – median (2002) Arctic Latitudes -●- COPAS n10 inside polar vortex (2003) -○- COPAS n10 outside polar vortex (2003) Tropics ― Brock et al. (1995) inside tropics -●- COPAS n10 Brasil (2005) -●- COPAS n10 Australia (2005)

  21. Ratio of non-volatile particle number to total particle number > 10nm, < 1 µm EUPLEX 2003 EXAMPLE: Arctic data 2003 high fraction of non-volatile particles inside Arctic vortex (~70 %) => subsidence of meteoritic materialfrom mesosphere Curtius et al., ACP, 2005

  22. Striking increase inside 2003 arctic vortex above400 K Explained by IMPORT of meteoric dust from the mesosphere throughanalysis of non-volatility Mid latitudes ― Brock et al. (1995) outside tropics -●- COPAS n10 – median (2002) Arctic Latitudes -●- COPAS n10 inside polar vortex (2003) -○- COPAS n10 outside polar vortex (2003) Tropics ― Brock et al. (1995) inside tropics -●- COPAS n10 Brasil (2005) -●- COPAS n10 Australia (2005)

  23. Ratio of non-volatile particle number to total particle number > 10nm, < 1 µm TROPICAL BRASIL Non-volatile particles constant at 20-30% in LS More variable, but typically ~10% in TTL and below. 2005 0123 - 0227

  24. Ratio of non-volatile particle number to total particle number > 10nm, <1 µm AUSTRALIA 2005 Slightly higher level (10%) of non-volatile particles over the continent than above the sea continental Australia tropical „oceanic“ Australia

  25. 4.8.2006 8.8.2006 11.8.2006 AMMA: Ouaga ratio of non volatile particles to total number * Values above 360K are at 50%. * Tropical Brazil was 20%. * Tropical Australia 60% but higher up.

  26. „Sulfuric acid region“ „Region of high non volatility“ „Tropospheric variability region“ AMMA summary: COPAS-data vs altitude particle sizes > 6 nm  1 µm Ouagadougou local flights Potential Temperature [K] ● n10 non-volatile ● n10 total ● n14 ●n6 -●- median n10 Particle number concentration [cm³]

  27. (5) Results fromspecific cases: Biomass burning particles

  28. High CO for biomass burningis correlated with high ultrafine particle Number densities

  29. AMMA flight August 8, 2006 High CO for biomass burningis correlated with high non-volatile ultrafine particle component Theta: Blue 370 K Grey 385 K Yellow 400 K Red 430 K

  30. Difference between n6 and n14 is zero. Thus: no new particle formationin bmb plume above Accra Biomass burning:Vertical profilesover Accra, August 13, 2006

  31. Non volatile component f≈ 30% at 13 km altitude Homogeneous Nucleation Direct evidence for homogeneous nucleation in the tropics Flight altitude in km ●n6 ●n15 – altitude Only ultrafine particles 6 nm  size 14 nm Particle number density in cm-3 TROCCINOX, BRAZIL, 24.2.2005 UTC flight time [hours]

  32. Biomass burning: Vertical profiles over Accra, August 4, 2006

  33. Large latitudinal data sets on non-volcanic background ultrafine particles within 2005 through TROCCINOX, SCOUT-O3, AMMA mid-lat. transfer, survey, test flights. • For AMMA unexpected increase above 420 K => No explanation sofar. • Non-volatility vs. total aerosol number ratios between 20% and 80%, maximum near 400 K => No explanation for this profile sofar. • Above ≈ 400 K ultrafine particle numbers constant since 1999 at mid-latitudes Summary

  34. Thanks for your interest.

  35. Heater efficiency of COPAS I at 250°C with pure H2O- H2SO4- particles Boiling point of H2O- H2SO4 particles under pressure conditions at 10 – 20 km: ~ 150°C (Rosen, 1971) ○ 300 hPa ∆ 150 hPa ◊ 70 hPa particle number density in cm-3 (linear) particle number concentration in cm-3 (log) H2SO4/H2O 150nmparticles with 0.5% by volumenonvolatile component willbe detected as„non-volatile“. ● not heated channel ● heated channel at 250°C particle diameter in nm

  36. SCOUT-O3 Australia 2005 Hector Cb-cloud flights vs. continental Australia flight ●Hector flight, 25.11.2005 ●Hector flight, 30.11.2005 A ● Hector flight, 30.11.2005 B ● ENVISAT flight, 05.12.2005

  37. Red : Darwin Dec. 2005 Green: Aracatuba, Brazil Feb 2005 Black: mid-latblue: arctic COPAS n > 10 nm

  38. EXAMPLE:Arctic data 2003 Correlation of ultrafine particles with long lived tracer N2O Curtius et al., ACP, 2005 N2O mixing ratio in [ ppbv ] Import of ultrafine nuclei from high altitudes inside polar vortex Particle number mixing ratio in [ # / mg ]

  39. ● n10 non-volatile ● n10 total -○- median n10 Verona Are data ok ? Mid-latitude parts of AMMA transfer consistent with other profiles. Marrakech Marrakech

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