Notes Chapter 4 Section 3

1. NotesChapter 4Section 3 Selective Breeding

2. Advances in Genetics: • Selective Breeding • Selection of organism with desired trait to serve as parents

3. White Squirrel • Inbreeding • Crossing of organisms with homozygous alleles • Produces breeds with specific traits • Increases risk of genetic disorders

4. Plum Nectarine Peach • Hybridization • Crossing of heterozygous organisms • Produces breeds with BESTtraits from both parents

5. Cloning • Genetically identical to organism which it is produced from • Can be done with plants and animals

6. Genetic Engineering • Genes from one organism transferred into genes of another organism • Sometimes called gene splicing

7. Genetic Engineering is used to produce: • Insulin from bacteria • Tomatoes that can withstand cold weather • Crops resistant to insect pests • Milk with blood clotting protein for hemophiliacs

8. DNA Fingerprinting • Used to help solve crimes • No two people (except identical twins) have same DNA

9. The Human Genome Project: • Genome – all the DNA in one cell of an organism • Some 30,000- 35,000 genes in human 23 chromosome pairs • Goal is to identify DNA sequence of every gene in human chromosomes • Gain understanding of human development and how the body works & what can go wrong at times • New treatments or prevention strategies for genetic disorders and diseases

10. Selective Breeding • The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation.

11. English Leicester Sheep • Selection techniques changed a slow growing Leicester into an animal that put on weight more rapidly and produced less waste when slaughtered. They mature early and have heavy fleeces, the wool hanging in compact locks.

12. The History of the Carrot • The first carrots were white, purple, red, yellow/green and black. • They were a small tough, pale fleshed acrid root plant with a bitter taste. • Orange roots, containing the pigment carotene, were not noted until the 16th century in Holland. This only came about thanks to patriotic Dutch growers who bred the vegetable to grow in the colors of the House of Orange.

13. Rice A high-yield, semi-dwarf variety of rice was produced by crossbreeding two parent strains of rice: PETA from Indonesia (center) and DGWG from China (right). The shorter and stiffer stalks of the new variety allow the plants to support larger heads of grain without toppling over.

14. Producing Better Crops • During the 1960’s "Green Revolution," new strains of wheat and rice were developed that produce increased yields when fertilized. The plants were selectively bred to be shorter, have smaller root systems and smaller leaves. These respond better to the fertilizer than the traditional varieties which grew too tall when fertilized and fell over in the wind and rain.

15. Producing Better Crops • As a result of these techniques, a larger number of plants can be grown in the same area thus increasing the wheat and rice yield of the region. Other plants are selectively chosen for their ability to survive on less water and are planted in areas prone to drought. Still others are selected because they can withstand more extreme temperatures than traditional varieties. These crops can be planted in regions that have more extreme climates thus increasing the area of potential farmland in the world.

16. Nguni Cattle • Small in stature but efficient at using its food to produce muscle(beef). • Nguni cattle will both graze and browse and instinctively identify the most nutritious resources available.  • They have less impact on vegetation than larger breeds; approximately two times more Nguni cattle can graze in an area. • Nguni is resistance to parasites and disease.

17. Help for Pig Farmers • Researchers looked for an improved the survival rates of newborn piglets. • Neonatal mortality is a serious problem for pig farmers: on average 20% of piglets per litter die. • Early piglet deaths cost a farmer with 250 sows over €50,000 per year • Sows were selectively bred with boars with high survival rates

18. Strawberries • Selective breeding led to bigger, brighter and more flavorful strawberry varieties. • Strawberry yields skyrocketed from six to 25 tons per acre.

19. Current uses of Selective Breeding • Scientist are utilizing selective breeding today to meet the needs of a third world country. • They are only breeding corn containing high levels of pro vitamin A. • Children with a vitamin a deficiency go blind. • This new development will someday help improve the nutritional status of people in developing countries that use corn as a staple crop.

20. <> Selective Breeding for Disease Resistance in the Eastern Oyster Survival after 1 year HSRL's resistant Oysters Delaware Bay Oysters • The eastern oyster industry along much of the Atlantic coast has been devastated by two pathogens: MSX(Haplosporidiumnelsoni) and Dermo (Perkinsusmarinus).

21. Frogs with disease-resistance genes may escape extinction • As frog populations die off around the world, researchers have identified certain genes that can help the amphibians develop resistance to harmful bacteria and disease. The discovery may provide new strategies to protect frog populations in the wild. • "In the short term, captive management of frogs with complementary disease-resistance genes may offer the best hope for saving species from extinction," says Bruce Waldman, a biologist at Lincoln University in New Zealand and one of the paper's authors. "Management practices that maintain or enhance diversity in MHC genes may prove the key to safeguarding frog populations in the wild."

22. Cauliflower Cauliflower has been selectively bred to produce flowers in a variety of colors bringing interest to the food we eat.

23. Japanese Brown Frog Japanese Brown Frogs have been selectively bred to have extremely transparent skin. Scientists can observe the development of internal organs and eggs during all life stages of the frog without the need for dissection.

24. Dogs The many breeds recognized today are the result of careful selective breeding for functional attributes deemed beneficial to their human owners including hunting, guarding, and herding and desirable physical characteristics such as skull shape, size, and coat variation.

25. Organisms that have been Genetically Modified . . .

26. Tomatoes Scientists have genetically modified tomatoes to have a shelf-life 1 month longer than normal tomatoes. This procedure could also be used for bananas, mangos, and other fruits that rot quickly.

27. Drought Resistant Corn?? Scientists are currently testing corn in the attempt to produce crops that are resistant to drought.

28. More Coffee Please! Scientists are currently testing coffee plants to alter their caffeine content. If they are successful, farmers could grow “decaffeinated “coffee beans and avoid the costly process of decaffeinating them after they are harvested.

29. Salmon For Sale In order to increase the production of salmon for human consumption, scientists are awaiting the approval from the government to sell genetically modified salmon. They have inserted a gene from the arctic flounder that allows the fish to continue to grow in the winter months. These salmon grow 4 times faster than salmon found in nature.

30. The New Tomatoes The growing seasons of tomatoes are no longer dictated by the warm season. Scientists have been able to extend their growing season through genetic engineering. Scientists have inserted the “cold temperature tolerance” gene found in flounders into tomatoes, thus giving tomatoes the ability to grow in lower temperatures..