Pr stamo BID N 1663

1. (Pr�stamo BID N� 1663/OC-PE) Lima, 17-jun-11 1

2. Innovaci�n Competitividad global & I+D+i Ecosistema de la Innovaci�n: actores y relaciones Estado Empresas Academia Otros Incubadoras de empresas de base tecnol�gica Sistema Nacional de Innovaci�n Propiedad Intelectual 2

4. 4 �ndice del desarrollo humano

5. 5 www.benetti.com.br Caracter�sticas del proceso creativo

6. Dimensiones de la innovaci�n 6

7. 7 Definiciones

8. INOVAGRAMA

9. Modelos de Innovaci�n

10. Modelos de Innovaci�n

11. Previsiones para tecnolog�as emergentes

12. Drivers for, and Barriers to, Technology Implementation Cost and financing Laws and policies Social values, public opinions, politics Infrastructure Privacy concerns Resource use and environmental health Investment in R&D Education and literacy Population and demographics Governance and stability Back to the issue of drivers and barriers raised earlier in this presentation. The S&T capacity that enables a country to acquire a technology application is only one of several factors determining whether that country will be able to implement it. The drivers facilitating innovation and the barriers hindering it also have a decisive influence on the ability to implement technology applications (i.e., to put the applications in place and get significant gains from them across the country). Our assessments involve things such as whom an application will benefit and whether a country can sustain its use over time. Drivers and barriers involve the same dimensions: A dimension that is a driver in one context may be a barrier in another. For example, financing, when available, would be a driver, but financing, when lacking, is a barrier. A high level of literacy among a nation�s citizens would be a driver, but if literacy were low, it would form a barrier. And in certain cases, a dimension that is a barrier can simultaneously be a driver when only partial progress in that dimension has been made or when conflicting issues in the dimension are present. For example, education in the United States is a driver, but there are also concerns about problems in math and science education in the United States. Also, environmental concerns may dampen some S&T applications in China while promoting environmentally friendly applications such as green manufacturing and hybrid vehicles. We identified 10 major drivers and barriers that countries may face through 2020: (1) cost and financing; (2) laws and policies; (3) social values, public opinions, and politics; (4) infrastructure; (5) privacy concerns; (6) resource use and environmental health; (7) investment in R&D; (8) education and literacy; (9) population and demographics; and (10) governance and stability. Back to the issue of drivers and barriers raised earlier in this presentation. The S&T capacity that enables a country to acquire a technology application is only one of several factors determining whether that country will be able to implement it. The drivers facilitating innovation and the barriers hindering it also have a decisive influence on the ability to implement technology applications (i.e., to put the applications in place and get significant gains from them across the country). Our assessments involve things such as whom an application will benefit and whether a country can sustain its use over time. Drivers and barriers involve the same dimensions: A dimension that is a driver in one context may be a barrier in another. For example, financing, when available, would be a driver, but financing, when lacking, is a barrier. A high level of literacy among a nation�s citizens would be a driver, but if literacy were low, it would form a barrier. And in certain cases, a dimension that is a barrier can simultaneously be a driver when only partial progress in that dimension has been made or when conflicting issues in the dimension are present. For example, education in the United States is a driver, but there are also concerns about problems in math and science education in the United States. Also, environmental concerns may dampen some S&T applications in China while promoting environmentally friendly applications such as green manufacturing and hybrid vehicles. We identified 10 major drivers and barriers that countries may face through 2020: (1) cost and financing; (2) laws and policies; (3) social values, public opinions, and politics; (4) infrastructure; (5) privacy concerns; (6) resource use and environmental health; (7) investment in R&D; (8) education and literacy; (9) population and demographics; and (10) governance and stability.

13. Major Finding: Not all nations will have capacity to acquire and use all Future Technology Applications Capacity to acquire is based on S&T capacity in each country Acquisition may be through research & development, technology transfer, licensing, off-the-shelf purchases, copying/piracy. Implementation is not automatic Implementation is affected by a confluence of economic, social, political and other mitigating factors. Capacity to use technology applications is based on Capacity to acquire + having sufficient drivers to overcome barriers to implementation. Being able to acquire a technology does not necessarily mean that there is capacity to implement it and effect desired outcomes with it, e.g., in reducing rural poverty or improving public health. TAs may be acquired through a variety of means, including domestic R&D, licensing, off-the-shelf purchases, and even copying/piracy. However, implementation demands a lot more, and the experiences of bilateral and multilateral development banks provide many examples. For example, without access to financing, targeted users of a TA has no means to acquire it and use it. Others might reject certain TAs because of cultural sensitivities. Another reason for failure to implement might be the absence of sufficient infrastructure, e.g., electricity. Indeed, various economic, social, political and other mitigating factors can significantly affect the implementation of TAs. Our assessment of national capacity to implement TAs considered three factors: (1) capacity to acquire, defined as the percentage of the �top 16� TAs listed for that country; (2) the percentage of 10 drivers for implementation applicable to that country; and (3) the percentage of 10 barriers to implementation applicable to that country. In short, more than S&T capacity to acquire a TA, a country needs sufficient drivers to overcome barriers to enable implementation. Our assertion is that capacity to acquire TAs is largely determined by national S&T capacity. Implementing TAs, however, will require the presence of drivers, of the right kind and at a sufficient level to mitigate barriers to their implementation. We derived our 10 drivers and barriers from a large body of research on economic development. (More on these drivers and barriers in subsequent slides/notes.) Being able to acquire a technology does not necessarily mean that there is capacity to implement it and effect desired outcomes with it, e.g., in reducing rural poverty or improving public health. TAs may be acquired through a variety of means, including domestic R&D, licensing, off-the-shelf purchases, and even copying/piracy. However, implementation demands a lot more, and the experiences of bilateral and multilateral development banks provide many examples. For example, without access to financing, targeted users of a TA has no means to acquire it and use it. Others might reject certain TAs because of cultural sensitivities. Another reason for failure to implement might be the absence of sufficient infrastructure, e.g., electricity. Indeed, various economic, social, political and other mitigating factors can significantly affect the implementation of TAs. Our assessment of national capacity to implement TAs considered three factors: (1) capacity to acquire, defined as the percentage of the �top 16� TAs listed for that country; (2) the percentage of 10 drivers for implementation applicable to that country; and (3) the percentage of 10 barriers to implementation applicable to that country. In short, more than S&T capacity to acquire a TA, a country needs sufficient drivers to overcome barriers to enable implementation. Our assertion is that capacity to acquire TAs is largely determined by national S&T capacity. Implementing TAs, however, will require the presence of drivers, of the right kind and at a sufficient level to mitigate barriers to their implementation. We derived our 10 drivers and barriers from a large body of research on economic development. (More on these drivers and barriers in subsequent slides/notes.)

14. 14 Per�: PBI per capita ($ intl.) 1950-2009

15. 15 PBI per capita comparativo con EEUU

16. 16

17. 17 Pilares del �ndice de Competitividad Global (ICG)

18. 18 I+D/cap (prom. 2001-2003) vs PBI/cap (2001-2005)

19. 19

20. 20 Gastos en inversi�n en I+D como % del PBI

21. 21

22. 22 Gastos en I+D por fuente de financiamiento: 2005-2007

23. 23

24. 24 Investigadores por sector de empleo. 2007

25. 25

26. 26 Distribuci�n de investigadores por campo de la ciencia. 2007

27. 27

28. 28

29. 29 Exportaciones de alta tecnolog�a (% exp. Manufacturadas)

30. Especializaci�n cient�fica relativa en pa�ses de LAC 30

31. Relaciones entre Ciencia, Tecnolog�a y Producci�n 31

32. 32

33. Incubadoras y la Jerarqu�a de Habitats de Innovaci�n

34. 34 Incubadoras y Parques tecnol�gicos: aspectos comunes

35. 35 Incubadoras de empresas

36. 36

37. 1. El proceso de incubaci�n 37

38. 1. P�rdidas en la fase de incubaci�n 38

39. 39 1. Graduaci�n

40. 40 1. Pos incubaci�n (masa cr�tica de empresas)

41. 41 2. Infraestructura operacional

42. 42 3. Infraestructura organizacional

43. 43 4. Infraestructura financiera: financiamiento de emprendimientos y ciclo de vida de la tecnolog�a

44. Innovaci�n en Universidades: Nuevos actores para complementar Intereses

45. 45 4. Financiamiento de incubadoras

46. 46 5. Masa cr�tica de empresas

47. 47 6. Redes

48. 48 7. Contexto: generalidades

49. 49 7. Contexto: caso Per�

50. Ejemplo 1. Vacuna recombinante contra leishmaniosis visceral canina. UFMG, Brasil. EMPRESA: HERTAPE CALIER SA�DE ANIMAL http://www.hertapecalier.com.br/ En 2003, Hertape licencio de la UFMG know-how para producci�n de ant�genos para vacuna recombinante contra leishmaniosis canina. Fue producido el ant�geno A2, una prote�na recombinante. Fue producida una vacuna contra leishmaniosis canina en 2008. Otras vacunas est�n en fase de desarrollo.

51.  

52. VACUNA RECOMBINANTE CONTRA LEISHMANIOSIS CANINA ____________________________________

53. 53

54. 54 Ejemplo 3. Akwan y Google. UFMG,Brasil.

55. 55 Ejemplo 4. Rethink. Octantis y CORFO, Chile.

56. 56 Ejemplo 5.

57. 57 Tienen m�s apetito de crecimiento. Son de m�s de un due�o y a veces mixtas. Incorporan socios no familiares Se orientan m�s al mercado (no a la tecnolog�a). Ampl�an sus redes sociales. Se apoyan en grandes clientes. Aceptan inversores. No se limitan al mercado local. Hacen alianzas para ampliar oferta. Pagan menos motivan m�s con proyecto y futuro. Experimentan y fallan r�pido.

58. Organigrama del SN de CTI.2008 58

59. 59 Sistema Nacional de Innovaci�n Tecnol�gica

60. Marco legal del Sistema Nacional de CTI 60

61. Creaci�n de �parques tecnol�gicos�. Creaci�n de �incubadoras de negocios tecnol�gicos�. Promoci�n de aglomerados y redes (clusters y networks). Promoci�n de v�nculos entre empresas peruanas y grandes empresas internacionales que compran productos locales. Promoci�n de alianzas estrat�gicas entre las empresas peruanas en sectores claves para la transformaci�n de los recursos naturales, principalmente vinculados a las cadenas productivas. Pol�ticas p�blicas para fomentar la innovaci�n tecnol�gica 61

62. Establecimientos de fondos de capital de riesgo y de mecanismos financieros para facilitar la innovaci�n tecnol�gica. Creaci�n y promoci�n de programas de capacitaci�n laboral y entrenamiento profesional especializado para sectores productivos y sociales prioritarios, as� como de maestr�a en gesti�n empresarial y de innovaci�n. Promoci�n del control de la calidad y uso de normas t�cnicas internacionales reconocidas. Iimportaci�n, adaptaci�n y absorci�n de tecnolog�a en sectores prioritarios. Protecci�n de la propiedad intelectual. 62

63. 63 Instrumentos de innovaci�n en pa�ses de LAC. I. 2008

64. 64 Instrumentos de innovaci�n en pa�ses de LAC. II. 2008

65. 65 Instrumentos de innovaci�n en pa�ses de LAC. III. 2008

66. 66 Resumen de las opciones estrat�gicas para la construcci�n de un SIT en el Per�

67. Universidad cl�sica (siglo XI): Ense�anza. Universidad de investigaci�n (siglo XIX). Ense�anza e investigaci�n. Universidad emprendedora (mitad del siglo XX). Ense�anza, investigaci�n y emprendimiento (innovaci�n). Vinculada al desarrollo econ�mico y social. Redefinici�n de la misi�n tradicional. Evoluci�n de la relaci�n Universidad-Empresa 67

68. Papel del conocimiento en el crecimiento econ�mico 68

69. 69

70. 70 Ranking Iberoamericano SIR 2011

71. Rol de la Universidad �Es tan complejo el problema de las universidades que, posiblemente, en lugar de tratar de dar nuevas leyes universitarias, lo m�s importante ser�a conducir a todas las universidades a que funcionen de acuerdo a SISTEMAS DE GESTI�N DE LA CALIDAD BASADA EN LA MEJORA CONTINUA y validados internacionalmente�.

72. Herramientas de propiedad intelectual

73. Gesti�n de la Propiedad Intelectual e Industrial 73 Basado en Clarke, Modet & Co. 2010. Espa�a

74. 74 Tomado de Clarke, Modet & Co. Espa�a

75. 75 Basado en Clarke, Modet & Co. Espa�a

76. Reflexiones sobre los Procesos de Transferencia de Tecnolog�a

77. 4. El impacto en la econom�a local sea a trav�s del proceso de TT o de spin-off llevara de dos a tres d�cadas para su consolidaci�n; el impacto regional tomar� 20 a�os. 5. El �ltimo impacto puede ser muy grande del punto de vista econ�mico y cultural para la universidad, sus estudiantes y su comunidad. Reflexiones sobre los Procesos de Transferencia de Tecnolog�a

78. Recomendaciones finales Fortalecimiento de la investigaci�n cient�fica como generadora de conocimiento, tecnolog�a y formaci�n de recursos humanos de alt�sima calidad (mag�ster y doctores). Aumento de la cultura de PI, como factor de ciudadan�a y soberan�a nacional. Desarrollar redes de colaboraci�n para formar recursos humanos de manera conjunta, aprovechar econom�as de escala y generar sinergia dado los diferentes estados de avance de cada pa�s. Desarrollar redes de colaboraci�n que permitan maximizar el valor de los portfolios de tecnolog�as y acelerar los procesos de TT.

79. Financiamiento de proyectos de I+D+i 79