1 / 7

IMPORTANT ORGANIC REACTIONS

Presentation created by S. Schlosz. Information by N. Solomons, K. Dilraj & S. Schlosz. IMPORTANT ORGANIC REACTIONS. What must you be able to do?. identify the types of reactions that hydrocarbons undergo. explain what happens during each type of reaction.

Download Presentation

IMPORTANT ORGANIC REACTIONS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Presentation created by S. Schlosz Information by N. Solomons, K. Dilraj & S. Schlosz IMPORTANT ORGANIC REACTIONS

  2. What must you be able to do? • identify the types of reactions that hydrocarbons undergo. • explain what happens during each type of reaction. • compare the reactivity of different hydrocarbons.

  3. Conditions: Heat OR sunlight; Reactants: alkane + X2 (Br, Cl, I, F) Process = halogenation; Products = haloalkane + hydrogen halide NOTE: This is a hydrogen halide [acid]. OXIDATION (COMBUSTION) Conditions: Heat and high pressure OR heat and catalyst Process = cracking Products = alkene(s) + alkane(s) Reactions of Alkanes: SUBSTITUTION Alkane becomes haloalkane 2C6H14 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy REACTIONS OF ALKANES ELIMINATION Alkane becomes alkene(s) and alkane(s) with shorter chain

  4. REACTIONS OF ALKENES Process = halogenation Product = haloalkane No water present; Process = hydrohalogenation Product = haloalkane Major product: H atom attaches to the C atom already having the greater number of H atoms / / NOTE: This is Markovnikov’s Rule for ADDITION Reactions. In presence of excess H2O and acid as catalyst Process = hydration; product = alcohol Major product: H atom attaches to the C atom already having the greater number of H atoms Pt, Pd or Ni as catalyst Process = hydrogenation; product = alkane / Pt 150C NOTE: Only minor product shown. This is the CIS structure. The major product will have the TRANS structure [Cl on opposite sides of the different Carbons] ADDITION Alkene becomes alkane, alcohol or haloalkane NOTE: The acid must be dilute H2SO4 or H3PO4. Cannot use HNO3 & HCl as they produce gases.

  5. H Haloalkanesare important compounds that are used as anesthetics (trichloromethane), solvents and dry cleaning agents. Tetrachloroethane Trichloromethane (chloroform) Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride) Halo-ethane

  6. Conditions: concentrated strong base (NaOH, KOH, LiOH), heat • Process = dehydrohalogenation; Products = alkene + NaBr + H2O • Major product: The one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H atoms (most substituted double bond forms i.e. double bond with most alkyl groups forms) / NOTE: This is VASILY SAYTZEFF’s Rulefor ELIMINATION Reactions. Conditions: Dilute strong base (NaOH, KOH, LiOH), mild heat Substitution - hydrolysis; Products = alcohol + NaBr (KBr or LiBr) Conditions: Add water, mild heat Substitution – hydrolysis; Products = alcohol + HBr HaloAlkanes undergo: ELIMINATION Haloalkane becomes alkene REACTIONS OF HALOALKANES SUBSTITUTION Haloalkane becomes alcohol

  7. H2SO4 / Substitution with hydrogen halide Products = haloalkane + H2O Reactants needed: Primary & secondary alcohols: NaBr + H2SO4 Tertiary alcohols: HBr (or HCl) H H OH H – C – C– C – H H H H H H O H H – C – C – C – H H H H - C - H H • Elimination of H2O – dehydration; Products = alkene + H2O • Major product: The one where the H atom is removed from the C atom with the least number of H atoms (most substituted double bond forms i.e. double bond with most alkyl groups) • To produce gaseous alkenes: pass alcohol over heated AlCl3 H H H – C – C – O – H H H REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS SUBSTITUTION Alcohol becomes haloalkane ELIMINATION Alcohol becomes alkene REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS ESTERIFICATION Acid catalysed condensation Alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water H2SO4

More Related