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Origins of World War I

Origins of World War I. The Great War August 1914-November 1918 . Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente Greater Serbia Gustavo Princip Pan Slavism Total War Schlieffen Plan Battle of the Marne Trench Warfare. Condition of Pre-War Europe Anxieties and Uncertainties

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Origins of World War I

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  1. Origins of World War I

  2. The Great War August 1914-November 1918 Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente Greater Serbia Gustavo Princip Pan Slavism Total War Schlieffen Plan Battle of the Marne Trench Warfare Condition of Pre-War Europe Anxieties and Uncertainties Causes and Catalyst Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Commercial Competition, & Alliance System Balkan Crisis Declarations of War From Balkan Crisis to World War Pre-War Social Tensions recede in Patriotism’s Wake A New Kind of War From an Offensive to a Defensive Strategy War Front and Trench Warfare Total War Mobilization for War War Front Home Front

  3. Causes and Catalysts • Nationalism and Social Darwinism: Competition of Nations • Imperialism: Increasing Entanglements (Sudan, Moroccan Crises) • Commercial Competition • Alliance System • Militarism: • Increase in Size of Armies (Role of Conscription) • Increased spending for Armaments and Technology • Increased Military Expenditures • Militarization of Society

  4. Alliance System • Bismarck “In a world of five powers, one should be on the side of three” • By late 19th century, Concert of Europe now in discord • 1879: Dual Alliance Germany & Austro-Hungary • 1882: Triple Alliance G + AH + Italy • 1894: France & Russia • 1904: Britain & France • 1907: Triple Entente Russia, Britain & France

  5. Militarization of Society Founded by Robert Baden-Powell in 1908

  6. Causes and Catalysts • Nationalism and Social Darwinism: Competition of Nations • Imperialism: Increasing Entanglements (Sudan, Moroccan Crises) • Commercial Competition • Alliance System • Militarism: • Increase in Size of Armies • Increased spending for Armaments and Technology • Increased Military Expenditures • Militarization of Society

  7. European Alliances in 1914

  8. Causes and Catalysts • Nationalism and Social Darwinism: Competition of Nations • Imperialism: Increasing Entanglements (Sudan, Moroccan Crises) • Commercial Competition • Alliance System • Militarism: • Increase in Size of Armies • Increased spending for Armaments and Technology • Increased Military Expenditures • Militarization of Society • Catalyst: Balkan Crisis from June to July 1914

  9. Catalyst to War • Nationalism in the Balkans threatened Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire and European Peace • Balkan Crises • Rigid war planning • Weak leadership among belligerent powers

  10. Ethnic Nationalism on the Rise Ethnic Makeup of Late 19th century Austro-Hungarian Empire

  11. Ethnic Nationalism and Rise of Pan-Slavism • 1817: Serbia autonomous • Disruptions within Ottoman Empire • 1875-1878: Revolt in the Balkans against Ottoman Rule • Serbia, Montenegro and Russia against Ottomans • 1878: Congress of Berlin • Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro independent • Slavic Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian occupation • 1885: Bulgarian autonomy • Weakness of Ottoman Empire evident to Europe after internal revolution in 1908

  12. After 1878 Berlin Conference

  13. Pan Slavism after 1878 • Serbian Calls for a “Greater Serbia” • 1908: A-H formally annexes Bosnia & Herzegovina • Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 • 1875-1878: Revolt in the Balkans against Ottoman Rule • 1878 Settlement

  14. Ethnic Nationalism on the Rise • Pan-Slavism on the rise • 1817: Serbia autonomous • Disruptions within Ottoman Empire • 1875-1878: Revolt in the Balkans against Ottoman Rule • Serbia, Montenegro and Russia against Ottomans • 1878: Congress of Berlin • Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro independent • Slavic Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian occupation • 1885: Bulgarian autonomy • Weakness of Ottoman Empire evident to Europe after internal revolution in 1908 • Disruptions within Austro-Hungarian Empire • Serbian Calls for a “Greater Serbia” and for “self-determination” • 1908: A-H formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina • Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 wrest final territories away from Ottoman Empire • Increasing Hostility directed to Austro-Hungarian Empire

  15. Balkans: 1914 Note and contrast ethnic lines With A-H borders

  16. Immediate Path to War: Balkan Crisis • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand June 28, 1914 Assassination by Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian student who was a member of the the “Black Hand”

  17. Immediate Path to War: Balkan Crisis • Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand JUNE 28 • Germany’s “Blank Check” to Austria JULY 5 • Austria's Ultimatum to Serbia JULY 23 • Austria declares war on Serbia JULY 28 • Russia mobilizes against Germany & A-H JULY 29 • German ultimatum to Russia JULY 31 • Germany declares war on Russia AUGUST 1 • Germany declares war on France AUGUST 3 • Germany troops invade Belgium AUGUST 4 • Great Britain declares War on Germany AUGUST 4 Violation of Belgian neutrality

  18. Reflections on the Origins of the War • Austro-Hungary attacks Serbia • Nationalism contributed to war • Failure of Diplomacy contributed to war • Europe underestimated war fever

  19. Declaration of War, August 1914 • France: • Socialists support war • Union sacrée • Germany: • Burgfrieden (party-truce) • Great Britain • Irish Home Rule to be postponed • Militant Suffragists turned Dutiful Citizens • Monthly paper changes title Suffragette to Britannia • Support of Labour

  20. Through work Victory! Through Victory Peace!

  21. Munich, August 4th, 1914

  22. Petrograd, August 1914

  23. London Crowd on 4 August 1914

  24. French Farewells, August 1914

  25. Mobilizing for War Recruiting Posters Top Right: Italy Bottom Right: Germany Left: U.S.

  26. European Alliances in 1914

  27. The Schlieffen Plan and the Battle of the Marne Schlieffen Plan: Goal to win a 2 front war Move thru Belgium Battle of the Marne: September 1914 1.275 million Germans 1.3 million French 125,000 British A new kind of fighting was necessary 600,000 casualties in one month

  28. Digging In 466 miles of Trenches From Belgium to Switzerland Hopes for an Offensive War Realities of a Defensive War

  29. Trench Warfare

  30. Technology German Machine Gunners Soldiers and Horses with gas masks French heavy guns

  31. Battle of Verdun, February 1916-April 1917

  32. The Realities of Defensive Wars Trench Warfare as Defensive War War of Attrition World War One required engaged all sides to mobilize their states for Total War

  33. Total War • Total war requires the mobilization of all a nation’s resources and energies. • War requires sacrifice for war effort on all fronts (whether at the war front or on the home front). • Total war transforms the scope of the state and its accelerates change in society. • Conscription (Britain introduces conscription in May 1916) • government control over economy (end of British laissez-faire) • Rationing, controls over munitions & food • Nationalization of shipping and coal • increases control of and duties to individual • (social welfare,pensions, health insurance) • Transformation of women in workforce • Transformation of society and colonies

  34. Mobilizing for the War Front Germany Italy United States

  35. Total Men Mobilized • Thru Recruitment and Conscription: 53% of male population between 1914-1918 in uniform • Over 70 million men called into military service • Over 35 million casualties and almost ten million combat deaths Austro-Hungary: 7.8 million men Germany: 11 million men Ottoman Empire: 2.9 million men France: 8.4 million men British Empire: 8.9 million men (incl.) 200,000 African soldiers 1.4 million Indian soldiers 415,000 Australian soldiers 130,000 New Zealanders 630,000 Canadians Italy: 5.6 million men Russia: 12 million men United States: 4.7 million men mobilized

  36. Women and the Home Front

  37. Women and the Home Front

  38. Women and War: From Home Front to War Front Women in British Munitions Factory (1918) British Women Loading Coal Sacks (1918)

  39. War portrayed by each side as a War of Cultures Civilization (France and Britain) Civic life, social values, liberalism, justice, civility, progress. Kultur (Germany, Austria-Hungary): Purification, efficiency, God, national unity, glory Democracy (United States) Self-determination

  40. Portrayal of War as clash of Cultures Civilization (France and Britain) Civic life, social values, liberalism, justice, civility, progress Kultur (Germany, Austro-Hungary) Culture, purification, efficiency, God, national unity, glory

  41. German Propaganda: “It is sweet and fitting to die for Britain” The Prussian Butcher, 1915

  42. Nicholas II and his family

  43. Gregory Rasputin (d. 1916)

  44. V. I. Lenin (d. 1924)

  45. Chronology February 1917: Germany declares unrestricted sub warfare April 1917: Americans enter war 15 March 1918: Treaty of Brest Litovsk Russians withdraw Spring 1918: German “Victory” Drive July 1918: Allied Counter-Attack 3 November 1918: Austro-Hung. withdraws 7 November 1918: Germany asks for peace 9 November 1918: Kaiser flees German Republic declared in Weimar 11 November 1918: Armistice signed War’s End Portion of John Singer Sargent’s, “Gassed”

  46. War’s End April 1917: Americans enter war 15 March 1918: Treaty of Brest Litovsk Russians withdrew 3 November 1918 AH withdrew 7 November 1918: German surrender 9 November 1918: Kaiser flees German Republic declared 11 November 1918: Armistice signed Impact and Consequences: Fall of Empires Huge Demographic Losses Social Transformations Indictment of Progress and Enlightenment Treaty of Versailles

  47. Losses in World War One • Over 70 million men called into military service • Over 35 million casualties and almost ten million combat deaths Summer of 1918: Influenza pandemic killed another 30 million people worldwide

  48. Allied leaders gather to dictate the peace: Clemenseau and Wilson

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