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Period 4

Period 4. 1800 - 1844. Setting the stage. The Context of Period 4. By 1811 (Madison)…political power to new generation BG, GW, AH, JA JQA, Jackson, Calhoun, Webster, Van Buren Knew of AR from books, stories No difficulty in being a patriot

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Period 4

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  1. Period 4 1800 - 1844

  2. Setting the stage

  3. The Context of Period 4 • By 1811 (Madison)…political power to new generation • BG, GW, AH, JA JQA, Jackson, Calhoun, Webster, Van Buren • Knew of AR from books, stories • No difficulty in being a patriot • Little understanding of how war = division among Americans • Saw as glorious, logical conclusion to struggles • Elevated GW, Constitution (God given) • Theme of contradiction • Ideal of equality v. reality that unequal (rights, wealth)

  4. Growth • Demographic, economic, territorial • Market economy • Fertile land of west • Industry/transportation advances • Increased suffrage • Reform in schools, prisons, asylums • ART, literature, philosophy • Expansion + isolationism • CONFLICT • With NAs, neighbors • Immigration  prejudice, discrimination • Women, NAs, AA = no rights • Slavery

  5. Thomas Jefferson 1801 - 1809

  6. “Let us then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. . . But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” Thomas Jefferson First Inaugural Address, 1801

  7. Enter tj • Election of 1800  desire for peaceful transition from Fed to D-R control • TJ or Burr? The lesser of two evils for Federalist controlled Congress • Allegiance? Not parties, but constitutional government • Through Madison ( 1816) = Jeffersonian Era • Federalists disappear • D-R adopt positions • Peaceful political change, expand territory, war & victory, democratic/nat’l spirit at a HIGH ( Era of Good Feelings)

  8. What does it mean to be Jeffersonian? • Opposed strong federal government • Ward republics = town hall meetings • Still need state/fed. Government to administer gov. • Little federal spending • Urbanization, mechanization rob men of independence • Debt + factory work • Vs. agrarian democracy = independent, economic autonomy  good, strong republic

  9. Belief in • Int’l commerce • Technology @ household level • States’ rights • Education  informed citizenry • wise rulers + consent of governed • Women- odds are “one in 14 that she [a woman] might marry a " 'blockhead' and thus have to survive by her own wits!" • Moral Republican values, social harmony • Jesus as moral teacher v. the Trinity • Majority • Optimism in human reason • Small farmers & ordinary citizens • = “God’s chosen people” • Self-reliance  civic virtue

  10. The paradox • Expansionist (territory) • Knew must promote shared principles more than land • Against government interference in daily life • Promote state gov. improve education • Worked against inheritance laws • Saw children, women as having “lack of reason” = not citizens • Deplored aristocratic luxury • 1784-1789- indulged in France • NA & whites = in mental, physical capacity • Extermination if don’t assimilate or if resist expansion

  11. Protector of civil rights • Denied rights to women, NA, AA • Slaves NOT = in mental, physical capacity  “lack of reason” = no citizenship • HATED slavery • Solution? Free slaves, colonize outside the US

  12. TJ IN OFFICE

  13. Presidency • 1st term attempt to win allegiance of Feds • 1st Nat’l Bank maintained • Debt repayment plan kept • Neutrality policies of GW, JA • Retain loyalty of D-R •  limited central government • Army/navy size reduced • Eliminate federal jobs • Repeal excise taxes • Nat’l debt lowered • Repeal legislation (Alien Acts) • Cabinet only those who support his programs = patronage • Context- conflict in GW cabinet • Some Federalists remain, out with “mid-night appointees,” in with Republicans…but still, fairly moderate

  14. Significant events in 1803 • Louisiana Purchase • Why interest in MS River/New Orleans? • The Purchase • Constitutional issues? • Effects • Marbury v. Madison • Federalist court appointments • William Marbury v. James Madison (SOS) • John Marshall = CJ of SC • Adversary of TJ • Judiciary Act of 1789 •  judicial review

  15. The second term • 1804- Federalist Conspiracy & Burr • Plan? Win Governor of NY  unite NE states  secession from US • AH defeats AB  DUEL!  AH death • AB- trial for treat in 1806 • New plan? Seize Mexico, unite w/ LA territory •  arrest of AB, trial • CJ of SC = John Marshall (Mv.M) + lack of witnesses  acquittal • Foreign Policy • Barbary Pirates, 1801 – 1805 • Challenges to neutrality • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair • Embargo Act of 1807

  16. James Madison 1809-1817

  17. Madison’s presidency • Election of 1808 • TJ follow GW precedent • Support to SOS Madison • Viewed as brilliant thinker, writer (Constitution) • D-R views • Won vs. Charles Pinckney, D-R candidates (factions) • Embargo  Federalist gain seats in Congress • Many unhappy w/ effects of act

  18. Commercial warfare • Euro. problems dominate early • Napoleonic Wars • Diplomacy + economic pressure •  Nonintercourse Act of 1809 • Embargo Act repealed • US trade w/ all EXCEPT GB/France • Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) • Nathaniel Macon- trade w/ GB/Fr if agree to US neutrality • Napoleon intend to revoke decrees, recognize neutrality •  embargo on trade w/ GB since France “gave in” • No intention to fulfill promise = seizure of US ships

  19. War of 1812 • Free Seas & Trade • US = trading nation • No respect of neutral rights • GB impressment • Frontier Pressure • Americans want to push out (Canada, Sp. Florida) • NA issues • Shawnee bros- Tecumseh & Prophet vs. W.H. Harrison (1810) • Tippecanoe end efforts to form confedreacy • GB blamed for NA rebellions • War Hawks • 1810 election = new, young D-R from frontier into Congress • Eager for war vs. GB (honor, defend vs. NAs on frontier, gain Canada) • Henry Clay (KY), John C Calhoun (SC)

  20. War declared • GB delay over neutral rights issues •  US declaration of war…OOPS! • June 1812- GB had agreed to suspend blockade • Nation divided • Little unity • Southern + western + PA/VT FOR war • NY, NJ, New England AGAINST

  21. Election of 1812 • Division of opinion on presidential election- similar to divide on issue of war • D-R strength in S, W overpower Fed strength, anti-war D-Rs in N • JM win v. De Witt Clinton • Opposition to war • “Mr. Madison’s War” • Role of war hawks in Congress • NE merchants, Feds politicians, D-Rs against war (=Quids) • NE= making $ from war effort, not bothered by impressment, sympathetic to GB (commercial, religious ties) • Feds= war attempt by D-R to conquer Canada, FL, increase D-R influence • Quids= goes against D-R commitment to maintaining peace

  22. Military Defeats, Naval Victories • For win- need France to do well in Europe, land campaign vs. Canada • Invasion of Canada • 3-part invasion (Detroit, Niagara, Lake Champlain) fought off by GB • Burning of York (1813) increase retaliation • Naval Battles • USS Constitution (“Old Ironsides”), 1812 • Lake Erie, 1813 • Lake Champlain, 1814

  23. Chesapeake • Napoleon defeated in Europe (1814)  increase of GB navy • Summer- DC burned , attempt to take Baltimore (Fort McHenry) • South • Gen. Jackson break power of GB ally, Creek nation • Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL)- eliminate NA, open land in west (MS) • Battle of New Orleans • Treaty of Ghent • 1814- GB ready to be out of war, Madison know no decisive victory possible • Cease-fire, return territory to prewar state, prewar boundary set for US/Canada • Nothing deals w/ neutrality rights, impressment • Ends in stalemate- no gain for GB or US

  24. Hartford convention • NE states prior to end of war • Radical Federalists • Want constitution amended- threaten to secede • Opposed to war, D-R gov. in DC • Convention held in Hartford, CT- Dec. 1814 • No secession • Need 2/3 vote of Congress to declare war • Feds come out looking unpatriotic

  25. Legacy • US gain respect of other nations • US accept Canada as part of British empire • Fed. party ends as national force • Precedent of using threats of secession, nullification • NA forced to surrender to white settlement • US factories built, industry more self-sufficient • War heroes! Jackson, Harrison • Spirit of nationalism grows  Era of Good Feelings • Idea that future of US was in west, away from Europe

  26. James Monroe 1817-1825

  27. John Quincy adams 1825-1829

  28. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

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