Sexual Bias Exclusion in Romania

1. Sexual Bias Exclusion in Romania • Report prepared underthe supervision of Associate Professor Diana IonițăPhD by: • 1) Murgu Alexandra • 2) Dumitrascu Adriana • 3) Ionescu Aura • Katowice, 2014

2. Agenda • Introduction • Level and structure of sexual bias exclusion • Causes and consequences of sexual bias exclusion • Government role in preventing sexual bias exclusion • Institutions and their actions • Other activities against sexual bias exclusion • Characteristic of the Center for Partnership and Equality

3. What is Sexual bias exclusion? Sexual bias exclusion: discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

4. Level and structure of sexual bias exclusion

5. “Gender equality” - a sensitive subject? Strong tradition of gender roles. No public open discussion about gender discrimination. Inequality perceived as NATURAL.

6. Main studies

7. “The evolution of work positions ” • proves that 35.9% of Romanians consider that their work is gender • influenced (the industry is considered a male sector); • this occupational segregation leads to differences concerning • the salary of men and women; • women are lower paid than men, even though the differences • are not that obvious now and they have improved over the years. • (from 21% in 1994 to 14% in 2004 and 12.5% in 2010). • (Pîrcioget al, 2006)

8. A study in 2004 proved that: -66.4% of women earned less than the average wage due to the fact that they worked in “female” sectors. -the pay gap changed between 2002 and 2008 as can be seen in the table below:

10. 2011 survey in public local institutions (University of Bucharest)

11. 2009: 3.8% of the employees and 7% of women were discriminated. Blocul National Sindical, 2009:33 2010: 4% of men and 5.6% of women in Romania were discriminated against at their workplace. European Working Conditions Survey 2010 2010: 9% of the employees had some experience related to discrimination. Barometrul de IncluziuneSocială – University of Bucharest 2010:15

12. Until the 1st of July 2013 97 complaints to the National Committee Against Discrimination. 2010215 complaints 2011211 complaints 6 mil. working people

13. Causes & consequences of sexual bias exclusion

14. Main causes MENTALITY - religion - strong traditional gender roles EDUCATION - perpetuation of gender stereotypes

15. Consequences • ECONOMIC PROBLEMS because the percentage of women in the job market is lower than that of men

16. SOCIAL PROBLEMS • women are more exposed than men to financial and social exclusion; • because women work in low paid jobs (“female sector”) • low percentage of women working in management positions;

17. Negative points: • rise in the number of women who work on low incomes, with no work contracts and no insurance; • increase of the risk for sexual harassment at work;

18. Government role in preventing sexual bias exclusion

19. legislation • The Romanian Constitution (Article 16) : all citizens are equal in front of the law and public authorities, without any privileges or discrimination. • The principle of equality between the sexes is regulated under Article 4, and Article 38 (equal wages for equal work). • The Romanian Labour Code stipulates the equal treatment of men and women at the workplace.

20. Legislation The act regulating equal opportunities for men and women is Law no. 202/2002 on equal opportunities and equal treatment for both genders.

21. National Agency for Equal Opportunities for Men and Women • Ministry of Labor, Familyand SocialProtection • Develops and implementsthenationalpolicy on genderequality • Collaborationandcoordinationbetweenthegovernmentauthoritiesandthenon-governmental sector

22. National Strategy for Equal Opportunities Between Men and Women of 2006-2012 • Promotegenderequality awareness • Preventandfight againstwomen abuse

23. Achievebalancedparticipation of menand womenin political and public life • Decrease the gender pay gap • Lower the unemployment rate for both genders

24. Results of the national strategy for gender equality

25. Results of the national strategy for gender equality • Positive development in the qualification level and choice of superior education

26. Results of the national strategy for gender equality • In 2010 theaveragefemaleemployee in Romania earned12.5%lessthantheaveragemaleemployee, whichis a smallergapthantheoverall EU-27 average of 16.4%. • The rate of women working in management positions in public institutions has risen from 27% in 2003 to 56% in 2011.

27. Associations and other actions against gender inequality

28. ALTFEM

29. T.A.T.A. (Alliance for Non-Discrimination against Fathers) • The only NGO in Romania that fights against social, economic and legal discrimination against men

30. T.A.T.A. (Alliance for Non-Discrimination against Fathers) • Promotes the equality between mothers and fathers in relation with their children • Assists and offers counseling for men who have had their rights breached

31. T.A.T.A. (Alliance for Non-Discrimination against Fathers) Cases of discrimination: • The Emergency Hospital “Grigore Alexandrescu” case • Nursery vouchers

32. T.A.T.A. (Alliance for Non-Discrimination against Fathers)

33. Other activities against sexual bias exclusion

34. In 1998 the National School of Political and Administrative Studiesin Bucharest has created the first gender studies MA program in Romania In 2003 such an MA program was organized at Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca and since 2004, at the University of the West in Timisoara The Association of Business Women and Top Managers in Braşov (AFAFCI): organizational framework for business women

35. AnA Society for Feminist Analyses has published „AnaLize” Magazine. The target group: politicians, companies, general public. The target is to establish and promote studies and research on women’s right and discrimination The FEMINA project. several forms of discrimination that may occur during the job interview

36. 6. Features of CPE – Centre for Partnership and Equality

37. CPE promotes the following rights: • women nondiscrimination; • right to education; • right to have a non-violent life; • equal opportunities for women and men; • sexual rights and reproductive health rights; • economic right for women; • active participation of women in public life.

38. A big accomplishment of the NGO was the completion of the guide: “Girls and boys – all different, all equal. Education for gender equality”. http://www.cpe.ro/proiecte/incheiate The objective has been to promote the education among teachers, students and decisional factors in the educational area

39. Conclusions • low level of discrimination • perception – mentality • education of youth

41. Thank you for your attention!

42. References Macarie, F.C. & Sandor, S. (2009). Egalitatea de gen îninstituţiileadministraţieipublice locale din România. • PercepţiişiatitudiniprivinddiscriminareaînRomânia. (2011). Raport de cercetare CNCD Romania. • The current situation of gender equality in Romania (2012). European Comission • Zoltan, Sipos. Muncadupăconcediul de creştere al copilului: cândtoţiparcăîţiîntorcspatele, in hotnews.ro, 9 March 2014.