Development and Learning Domain

1. Development and Learning Domain

2. Prenatal and Childhood Development Module 11

3. Module Overview • The Beginnings of Life • Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood • Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood • Social Development in Infancy and Childhood • Three Key Developmental Issues Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. The Beginnings of Life: Prenatal Development Module 11: Prenatal and Childhood Development

5. Prenatal Development • Prenatal defined as “before birth” • Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with the birth of the child.

6. Zygote • A fertilized egg. • The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell division. • Cells start to differentiate and specialize • Around the tenth day, the zygote attaches to the uterine wall • At the end of 14 days the zygote becomes an embryo

7. Genes • The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes. • Direct the process of differentiation

8. Prenatal Development

9. Embryo • A developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization until the end of the eighth week. • Most of the major organs are formed during this time. • At the end of the eight week the fetal period begins.

10. Fetus • A developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth.

11. Placenta • A cushion of cells in the mother by which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrition • Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus

13. Teratogens • Substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally. • Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc. The Mind: Teratogens and their effects on the developing Brain and Mind http://www.learner.org/resources/series150.html

15. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • Physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear in children whose mothers consumed alcohol while pregnant.

16. The Beginnings of Life: The Newborn

17. Reflex(Need Digital Media Archive CD #1 for video) • an automatic, unlearned response • Sucking, swallowing and grasping reflexes are present in a newborn

18. Rooting Reflex • A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, • to open the mouth and • search for the nipple.

19. Temperament • A person’s characteristic emotional excitability. • A child might be: • An “easy” or “difficult” baby • Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry through a person’s life.

20. Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood Module 11: Prenatal and Childhood Development

21. Infant, Toddler, Child • Infant: First year • Toddler: From about 1 year to 3 years of age • Child: Span between toddler and teen

22. Maturation • Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior. • Some changes are genetic • Some changes are due to the environment • The most neurological growth is seen from ages 3 to 6

23. Neural Development

24. Motor Development • Includes all physical skills and muscular coordination • Learning to walk

25. Motor Development

26. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood Module 11: Prenatal and Childhood Development

27. Developmental Psychology • A subfield of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life span. • More than just child development

28. Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY) • Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology who introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children’s thought processes. • Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of cognitive development

29. Cognition • All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. • Children think differently than adults do

30. Schemas • Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to organize and interpret information. • Sometimes called schemes • A person’s “picture of the world”

31. Assimilation • Interpreting a new experience within the context of existing schemas. • The new experience is similar to other previous experiences

32. Accommodation • Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information. • The new experience is so novel the person’s schemata must be changed to accommodate it

33. Assimilation/Accommodation

34. Assimilation/Accommodation

35. Assimilation/Accommodation

36. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood: Sensorimotor Stage Module 11: Prenatal and Childhood Development

37. Sensorimotor Stage • In Piaget’s theory, the stage • (from birth to about 2 years of age) • during which infants learn about the world through sensory impressions and motor activities. • Child learns object permanence

38. Object Permanence • The awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them. • “Out of sight, out of mind”

39. Object Permanence(Digital Media Archive CD#1)

40. Object Permanence Study • One month old babies allowed to suck on two pacifiers • Infants later shown the pacifiers looked primarily at the one they were given earlier.

41. Object Permanence Study • Five month olds reactions to a numerically impossible outcome are studied.

42. Object Permanence Study • Step One: Objects are placed in a case.

43. Object Permanence Study • Step Two: A screen come up

44. Object Permanence Study • Step Three: One object is removed in front of child.

45. Object Permanence Study Step Four A: Possible outcome: Screen drops, revealing one object.

46. Object Permanence Study • Step Four B: Impossible outcome: Screen drops, revealing two objects.

47. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood: Preoperational Stage Module 11: Prenatal and Childhood Development

48. Preoperational Stage • In Piaget’s theory, the stage • (from about age 2 to age 6 or 7 years of age) • during which a child learns to use language • but cannot yet think logically.

49. Egocentrism • In Piaget’s theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another person’s point of view or • to understand that symbols can represent other objects

50. Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood: Concrete Operational Stage Module 11: Prenatal and Childhood Development