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The Rocky Road to a Hydrogen Economy

The Rocky Road to a Hydrogen Economy. Presented By Rebecca Armstrong April 18, 2008 Advisor Boris Kiefer. Introduction. Why Hydrogen Economy Current ideas Our ideas Future. 97% Transportation Fuel Crude Oil 25% greenhouse emissions.

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The Rocky Road to a Hydrogen Economy

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  1. The Rocky Road to a Hydrogen Economy Presented By Rebecca Armstrong April 18, 2008 Advisor Boris Kiefer

  2. Introduction • Why Hydrogen Economy • Current ideas • Our ideas • Future

  3. 97% Transportation Fuel Crude Oil 25% greenhouse emissions About 75% of the materials we use for energy are conventional fossil fuels. Hydrogen is much cleaner than fossil fuels Materials for hydrogen storage: current research trends and perspectives Annemieke W. C. van den Berg{a and Carlos Otero Area´n*b

  4. Hydrogen stores 2.6 times more energy per mass unit than gasoline Mg2NiH4 LaNi5H6 H2 (liquid) H2 (200 bar) Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications Louis Schlapbach*† & Andreas Züttel†

  5. Conversion and Storage of Energy • TWO PROBLEMS • Fuel Cell – Solved • Storage - Unsolved CUTE (Clean Urban Transportation for Europe) 27 Hydrogen fuel cell buses 2015 – 170 fuel cell buses 73 Hydrogen http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/04/03/hydrogen-plane-zoom.html Materials for hydrogen storage: current research trends and perspectives Annemieke W. C. van den Berg{a and Carlos Otero Area´n*b

  6. Other Ideas! • Hydrides • Zeolites • Nanotubes We took a different route and came up with the following. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ghutchis/124782973/ http://www.chem.arizona.edu/courses/c518_2003/tgb518/public_html?N=D http://www.umass.edu/sbs/news_events/news_stories/nanotech.htm

  7. Five commandments of hydrogen storage • (i) High storage capacity: minimum 6.5 wt % • (ii) Tdec 60-120 °C. • (iii) Reversibility of the thermal absorption/ desorption cycle: • (iv) Low cost. • (v) Low-toxicity of a nonexplosive and possibly inert (to water and oxygen) storage medium. Thermal Decomposition of the Non-Interstitial Hydrides for the Storage and Production of Hydrogen Wojciech Grochala*,†,‡ and Peter P. Edwards*,§ The School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT U.K., The Department of Chemistry, The University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR U.K.

  8. Model • The Human Body • Uses Iron to transfer oxygen throughout the body • The transferring molecule… Hemoglobin http://www.lipitor-online.com/imgs/cholesterol-human-body.jpg

  9. Heme Groups Hemoglobin: active site http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Hemoglobin/MetalComplexinBlood.html#ChangeMovie

  10. Heat of Formation • ΔE = EP – ER < 0 •  exothermic reaction. •  energy is released. •  more stable state. • ΔE = EP – ER > 0 •  endothermic reaction. •  energy is absorbed. •  less stable state. A + B + …  C + D + … EReactants= EA + EB + … EC + ED + …= EProducts Example: Formation of water H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O(l) ΔE=-284 kJ/mole

  11. Transition Metals - O2 Binding Fe + O2 and Fe + 2 O2 Stable Hydrogen Storage: Replace O2 H2.

  12. What transition metal to choose? • Requirements: • Adsorb H2, no chemical reaction. • Maximum number of adsorbed molecules. •  need maximum number of unpaired electrons.  Manganese.

  13. Storage Capacities: • Our mechanism: Maximum storage capacity : 15.3 wt% hydrogen. • (Li,Mg)NH2 : 5.2 wt%. • LiBH4 : 5.4 – 9.6 wt%. • Current DOE goal: 7.8 wt%. http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/5037_h2_storage.pdf

  14. Manganese and Hydrogen Mn + H2  Mn-H2 Mn + 2H2  Mn-2H2 Compound has a stable geometry. But: product has a higher energy than the reactants  unlikely that transition provide efficient storage medium for H2.

  15. Hydrogen Adsorption Energies • Li too stable • (hydride). • Mg too stable • (hydride).

  16. Hydrogen Adsorption Energies • Carbon - nanotubes? • Likely low storage. • Na: low storage • capacity. • Other elements too • stable? • Li too stable • (hydride). • Mg too stable • (hydride).

  17. Conclusion • Lots of ideas that are being worked on. None meeting more than a two commandments. • Our idea does not bind, but through other ideas we might find something else • Hydrogen as a fuel is possible, we just need to continue research on how to store it. • We do not see according to our simplified model across the periodic table elements do not bind H2. It is a Rocky Road.

  18. THE END

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