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Classification

Classification. Organizing Life! Objectives: Classify organisms based on structural similarities. Develop a logical argument for the relatedness of some animals based on behavior or appearance. All living things are classified into groups.

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Classification

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  1. Classification Organizing Life! Objectives: Classify organisms based on structural similarities. Develop a logical argument for the relatedness of some animals based on behavior or appearance.

  2. All living things are classified into groups Scientists divide animals into groups based on their SIMILARITIES The science of classifying organisms according to their similarities is called taxonomy

  3. Scientific Names • Binomial Nomenclature – a system that gives each species a two-part name using Latin words • An organism’s Scientific name is a name given to each species, consisting of its genus and species levels Example: The scientific name of humans is “Homo Sapien”

  4. Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms • Phylogeny – the evolutionary history for a group of species • Cladistics – classification based on common ancestry. This is the most common method used to make evolutionary trees

  5. Evolutionary Relationships Between Organisms Cladogram – an evolutionary tree Cladogram Parts: • Derived Characters – trait that differs in structure or function from that found in the ancestral line for a group of species • Nodes: Each place where a branch splits • Clades: the names of the individual groups of animals being compared

  6. Interpreting a Cladogram Identifying Clads Nodes Derived Characters

  7. Cladogram Practice Complete the Cladogram Practice and Cladogram Analysis worksheets!

  8. Molecular Evidence Relating Species • DNA sequence can support or refute hypothesized evolutionary trees

  9. Vertebrates versus Invertebrates Vertebrates are animals with backbones, skeletons, and a skull Invertebrates are animals that do NOT have backbones

  10. Vertebrates • Fish • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  11. Invertebrates • Sponges – two layers of cells, no tissues or organs • Cnidarians - (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydras) These all have radial symmetry (resembles spokes on a wheel) • Flatworms – flat and thin with bilateral symmetry (both halves are the same) • Roundworms – long, round bodies that come to a point at the end with bilateral symmetry

  12. Invertebrates (continued) 5. Segmented worms – have a body that is divided into many sections or segments 6. Mollusks– snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, squids, octupi 7. Anthropods– crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes, and insects 8. Echinoderms- Sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

  13. The Classification of Living Things • Carolus Linnaeus developed a system to classify living things • Kingdom - the broadest category • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species - the narrowest (lowest) category

  14. Everything is relatedThe theory is that all life on Earth began with bacteria and life slowly branched off and turned into all life forms that now exist on Earth

  15. What Did T-Rex Taste Like? Visit the website: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/Trex/index.html RESEARCH… • Pick an animal that you have never eaten. Research and construct a cladogramto illustrate which animal that you HAVE eaten that they would taste most like, according to their ancestry.

  16. The 5 Kingdoms All living things are divided into one of the Kingdoms: • Plants • Animals • Protist • Fungi • Monera

  17. Plants • Make their own food using sunlight & other substances around them • They do not move around • Multicellular

  18. Animals • Move around • Multicellular HOW THEY GET FOOD: Animals ingest their food by… --Filter feeding --Feeding on fluids --Consuming large pieces of food

  19. Protist • Microorganisms • Many have only one cell. • Can move using cilia, flagellum, or pseudopods HOW THEY GET FOOD: --Some use their cilia to sweep food over their surface and into their gullet. --Some trap food with their pseudopods. --Some make their own food (as with algae through photosynthesis)

  20. Fungi • Decomposes material from its food • Multicellular • Includes mushrooms and molds HOW THEY GET FOOD -- They break down waste & dead matter by releasing digestive enzymes onto their food so that they can then absorb it

  21. Monera • Single-celled organisms that are bacteria and do not have organelles in their cells • Kingdom Monera is actually broken into two kingdoms!... Eubacteriaand Archaeabacteria (they are genetically different) HOW THEY GET FOOD --Some break down dead organisms or waste --Some use sunlight to make food --Some get energy from minerals Bacteria have more different ways of getting energy than any other kind of organism

  22. Classification Webquest • Visit the website below and follow the instructions for all the challenges http://www.hhmi.org/coolscience/forkids/critters/index.html Follow the next link to guess which Kingdom these organisms belong in! http://www.amnh.org/ology/features/ittakesallkinds/game.php See handout!!!

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