Kingdom Protista

1. Kingdom Protista

2. Protists Chapter 19 19.1 Introduction to Protists Endosymbiosis • Theory believed to explain origin of eukaryotes and complex organelles like mitochondria & chloroplast • Large prokaryotes engulfed a smaller prokaryote and lived symbiotically • Eventually evolved into a single organism

4. Protists Chapter 19 19.1 Introduction to Protists Protists • All protists are eukaryotes. • Some reproduce asexually by mitosis while others exchange genetic material. • Most are single celled • First Eukaryotes on Earth • Must have moisture

5. Protists Chapter 19 19.1 Introduction to Protists Classifying Protists • Some scientists classify protists by their methods of obtaining nutrition. • Animal-like protists- Heterotroph • Plantlike protists- Autotroph • Funguslikeprotists-Saprotroph

6. Animal-like protists • Heterotrophs • Single-celled • Eat algea, bacteria or other protists • “protozoans” = “pre” animals • 4 phyla (groups) based on mode of movement

7. Phylum Zoomastigina - flagellates Trypanasoma: Giardia: Causes African sleeping sickness Causes intestinal infections

8. More Zoomastigina – Trichonympha – digests cellulose in termites

9. Phylum Sarcodina • Move and feed through use of pseudopods • Pseudopod – temporary projection of the cytoplasm • i.e. Amoebas • When feeding, they surround food and bring into cell in the form of a food vacuole by endocytosis

10. Phylum Ciliophora - ciliates • Use cilia for feeding and movement • Cilia: hair-like projections that flow back and forth like ores • Example: Paramecium • Contain macro (working copy) and micronucleus (reserve copy of genetic info) • Contactile vacuole removes excess water • Reproduce by conjugation or binary fission

11. Ciliophora • Stentor • Largest known protozoan

12. Phylum Apicomplexa - sporozoans • Parasites • Move through blood of host organisms • Reproduce through spores • Ex: Plasmodium causes malaria. Malaria sporozoite

13. Protozoa Structures • Pellicle – A rigid, but flexible structure of microtubules that underlies the plasma membrane of many protozoans.

14. Trichocysts – Some pellicular structures are used for protection. These “threads” cover the body of the protozoan.

15. Protists and Disease • Malaria – effects 300-500 million people • Caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium carried by mosquitoe • African sleeping sickness • Caused by zooflagellateTrypanosoma • Spread by the bite of the Tsetse fly • Amoebic dysentery • Caused by amoeba in contaminated water • Giardia • Intestinal infection; ingested from infected waters

16. Plant-like ProtistsAKA: Algae • Autotrophs • phytoplankton • Contain chlorophyll and other pigments • Produce 70% of earth’s oxygen • 6 phyla • Classified by pigment and structure

17. Algae • Green • Brown • Red • Dinoflagellates • Diatom • Euglenoid

18. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae • Contain chlorophyll as main pigment

19. Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown algae • Contain brown photosynthetic pigment • Include Kelp

20. Phylum Rodophyta – red algae • Contain red photosynthetic pigments • Carrageenan used in ice cream and other yummy foods

21. Phylum Pyrrophyta - Dinoflagellates • Two flagella around “equator” to spin • One flagellum on end to propel forward

22. dinoflagellate Cause red tides

23. Phylum Bacillariophyta - Diatoms • Pill-box shape • Hard outer shell

24. Diatoms • Diatomaceous earth • You brush your teeth with these

25. Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenoids) • Swim with flagella • Live in lakes and streams • Can also be heterotrophs! • Use eye-spot to detect light • Can reproduce asexually through binary fission • Example: euglena

26. Fungus-like Protists • Feed on decaying matter and absorb nutrients- saprophyte • Cell wall with cellulose • Slime molds and Water molds/Downy Mildews

27. Phylum Acrasiomycota – cellular slime molds

28. Water Molds and Downy Mildews