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Labeling Theory

Labeling Theory. Emphasizes on ways Individuals react to Deviance. Labeling Theory History. Labeling Theory came from the new social thinking of the 1960’s and 1970’s It is the manifestation of the mistrust of governmental power New civil rights decisions Revamping of the education system.

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Labeling Theory

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  1. Labeling Theory Emphasizes on ways Individuals react to Deviance

  2. Labeling Theory History • Labeling Theory came from the new social thinking of the 1960’s and 1970’s • It is the manifestation of the mistrust of governmental power • New civil rights decisions • Revamping of the education system

  3. Labeling Theory History • Traces Back to Frank Tannenbaums 1938 Crime and the Community • Criminal behavior is a product of the “The conflict between a group and the community at large”.

  4. Labeling Theory • Those engaging in criminal behavior are not necessarily criminal • “Why do people become criminal” becomes “How do people get reacted to as being deviant?”(Becker, 1970) • Certain individuals are labeled as deviant • The subsequent effect of labeling

  5. Two Results of Labeling • The Label may catch the attention of the labeling audience • The Label stigmatizes as the Label is internalized : This is SECONDARY DEVIANCE

  6. Primary And Secondary Deviance Secondary deviance is when a person reacts to the label

  7. The ZIG Zag Path • The formation of a Person’s Identity is a reflection of others’ definition of him or her • Individuals who are labeled as deviant become more deviant than if they had not been so labeled • AW, Everyone is Labeled! Yes, but the label must PROFOUNDLY shape the way others react to him/her

  8. Becker(1967) • One of the most crucial steps in the process of building a stable pattern of deviant behavior is likely to be the experience of being caught and publicly labeled as a deviant. • Treating a person as though he were generally rather than specifically deviant produces a self fulfilling prophecy…conspire to shape the person in the image people have of him. (Becker 1967)

  9. Labeling Concepts • Master Status-There are central traits of a persons identity that binds them to other traits • Example: Priest, Physician • Retrospective Interpretation: Identities can be reconstructed to crate a new label

  10. Primary Deviance Individual Reacts to the Label Secondary Deviance Strengthening of Self concept Individual Joins Deviant Subculture Master Status

  11. Policy Changes Empirical Validity • Criminological theory of shaming: an extension (rip off) of labeling • Juvenile diversion • Sealing of juvenile records • Decriminalization • Deinstitutionalization

  12. Those in Power Create Laws The process Labels Some As Criminals

  13. Conflict Theory Crime is the Outcome of Class Struggle

  14. The Capitalist Bourgeoisie Wages PROFITS Proletariat (Those that do the Actual Labor) Lumpen Proletariat The parasites

  15. Surplus Value Worker produces Goods Surplus creates profit The profit Goes to the Bourgeoisie. They buy machines to replace workers When workers make less, they buy less. This creates an economic crisis.

  16. Marx on Law • Law itself is a tool of the ruling class • All crime is a product of class struggle • Relationships to the mode of production as an explanation for crime

  17. Conflict Theory • People kept in a state of poverty will rebel by committing crimes • Crime is the outcome of CLASS STRUGGLE • Powerful groups use Laws to Support Their Interests • Interests of One Group do Not coincide with another

  18. Social and Political Unrest/Race class and gender discrimination/exploiting the working class

  19. Quinney “…The Criminal justice movement is …a state-initiated and stste supported effort to rationalize mechanisms of social control. The larger purpose is to secure a capitalist order that is in grave crisis, likely in the final stage of development.”

  20. Structural Marxism Law is for the long term interests of the capitalists, by keeping the system operating efficiently This is an explanation on why some laws like rent control exist Left realism Crime victims in all classes need equal protection Reduce the ability for police to enforce, increase the sensitivity Radical Perspectives

  21. Radical feminism Cause of crime on women is male aggression: men’s attempts to subordinate women Male power, female economic dependency Instrumental Marxism Law is used by the ruling class to their advantage The state, law and the ruling class are the same Peacemaking criminology Humanistic, non violent and peaceful solutions to crime (victim centered) Radical Perspectives

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