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African American English (AAE) Phonology 1

African American English (AAE) Phonology 1.  r-deletion (NOT unique to AAE) guard god nor gnaw sore saw poor pa fort fought court caught  l-deletion (some speakers) toll toe all awe help hep. 1/18. Fromkin & Rodman, p. 412.

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African American English (AAE) Phonology 1

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  1. African American English (AAE) Phonology 1  r-deletion (NOT unique to AAE) guard god nor gnaw sore saw poor pa fort fought court caught  l-deletion (some speakers) toll toe all awe help hep 1/18 Fromkin & Rodman, p. 412

  2. African American English (AAE) Phonology 2  Consonant cluster simplification(NOT unique /OPTIONAL) passed pass meant men  Neutralization of [I] and [E] before nasals(NOT unique) pin pen bin Ben tin ten  Loss of interdental fricatives(NOT unique) thing fing this, that, these, those  [d] 2/18 Fromkin & Rodman, p. 412

  3. African American English (AAE) Syntax 1  Double / Multiple negatives(NOT unique to AAE) He don’t know nothing. 3/18 Fromkin & Rodman, p. 412

  4. African American English (AAE) Syntax 2  Deletion of ‘be’ SAEAAE He is nice / He nice He’s nice They are mine / They mine They’re mine I am going to do it / I gonna do it I’m going to do it 4/18 Fromkin & Rodman, p. 415.

  5. African American English (AAE) Syntax 3  Deletion of ‘be’ Exceptions SAE AAE He is / he’s as nice He as nice as he say he is as he says he is *He’s as nice *He as nice as he say he as he says he’s How beautiful you are How beautiful you are *How beautiful you’re *How beautiful you Here I am Here I am *Here I’m *Here I 5/18 Fromkin & Rodman, p. 415.

  6. African American English (AAE) Syntax 4  Habitual ‘be’ SAE AAE John be happy. John is always happy. John happy. John is happy now. He be late. He is habitually late. He late. He is late this time. Do you be tired? Are you generally tired? You tired? Are you tired now? 6/18 Fromkin & Rodman, p. 415.

  7. African American English (AAE) Vocabulary Nothing in Fromkin & Rodman 7/18

  8. Multiple Negation See p. 186 / 189 8/18

  9. Why do minority languages survive?  “Ultimately, the survival of the minority language is closely bound up with the preservation or affirmation of a distinct ethnic identity and culture.”  “Maintaining a separate ethnic identity” or “Rediscovery and assertion of a distinctively Afro-Caribbean identity” 9/18 Montgomery, pp. 82-84.

  10. History of Jamaican Creole  Late 17th century  British settlers raising sugarcane  Slaves imported  CONTACT Language—pidgin arose (English vocabulary; simplified syntax; African influences in pronunciation, maybe 10% of the vocabulary, and some syntax)  Subsequent generations of slaves learned this language (used with masters and fellow slaves)  evolved, “transformed into a much more complex and flexible language called a CREOLE (defined technically as a pidgin which becomes the first language of a group)” 10/18 Montgomery, pp. 82-83.

  11. Standard English and Jamaican Creole 1 Standard English Jamaican Creole  Plurals the other girls di addah girl dem with those other girls wid dem addah girl  Possession the man’s hat di man hat the man’s woman di man woman noh didn’t like tis like dis 11/18 Montgomery, p. 84.

  12. Standard English and Jamaican Creole 2 Standard English Jamaican Creole  Past time I went yesterday mi go yeside I told you so already me tel yu so aredi I had already walked home mi ben waak huom aredi I have finished sleeping mi don sliip [sic]  Present what are you doing out there? whey [sic] you a dhu out yah? where are you going? whey [sic] you a go? 12/18 Montgomery, p. 84.

  13. Jamaican Creole Continuum Broadest Creole Standard English 13/18

  14. Schematic of Hypothetical Repertoires (Six speakers) Broadest Standard Creole English Speaker 1 2 3 4 5 6 14/18 Based on Montgomery, 85, THOUGH modified and expanded.

  15. Linguist’s View of Language Varieties “All language varieties are equal:  there is no significant difference in the complexity of their linguistic structure;  they all have resources for creating new vocabulary as it is needed,  and for developing the grammatical constructions their speakers require.” Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 202. 15/18

  16. But… “Though linguists present this ideal of equality between the languages and dialects used by different ethnic and social groups, it has no social reality.” Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 202. 16/18

  17. A Social Network D C E A B Uniplex Multiplex Matthews, P.H. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, see “social network”. 17/18

  18. Social Network Influence “It is not surprising that people’s speech should indicate the types of networks they belong to. The people we interact with are one important influence on our speech. When the people we mix with regularly belong to a homogeneous group, we tend to speak the way the rest of the group does, provided we want to belong to the group and like the people in it.” Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 194. 18/18

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