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急性失代偿性心力衰竭治疗 温州医学院附属第一医院心内科 张怀勤

急性失代偿性心力衰竭治疗 温州医学院附属第一医院心内科 张怀勤. 急性心力衰竭 急性心力衰竭(根据不同的病理生理及发作时间可以分为三类: 1. 新发生的 AHF 2. 急性失代偿性心力衰竭 3. 晚期或终末期 HF. New onset first presentation acute or slow onset Transient recurrent or episodic

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急性失代偿性心力衰竭治疗 温州医学院附属第一医院心内科 张怀勤

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  1. 急性失代偿性心力衰竭治疗 温州医学院附属第一医院心内科 张怀勤

  2. 急性心力衰竭 急性心力衰竭(根据不同的病理生理及发作时间可以分为三类: 1.新发生的AHF 2.急性失代偿性心力衰竭 3.晚期或终末期HF

  3. New onset first presentation acute or slow onset Transient recurrent or episodic Chronic persistent stable, worsening , or decompensated 心力衰竭的分类 Esc guideline for HF 2008

  4. 急性失代偿性心力衰竭 • (Acute Decompensaed Heart Failure, ADHF) • 通常是在原有慢性HF的基础上出现急性失代偿而发生的。 • 50%为缺血性心脏病,其他有瓣膜性心脏病、高血压。血压控制不好、严重心律失常、感染、液体控制不良为常见诱因。 • 占HF住院患者的75%,通常是在原有慢性HF的基础上出现急性失代偿而发生的。 • ADHF患者相当于2005年 ACC/AHA指南 HF分期的 C期,既往曾有一 次或多次住院史。

  5. ADHF时的病理生理学特征 • ADHF多数为低EF,也可以正常EF。 • 当发生急性失代偿时,慢些症状异常增重 ,LVFP升高,血液动力学恶化,神经内分泌系统包括SNS,RAAS,精氨酸血管加压素,细胞因子,内皮素等的激活加剧,导致全身及肺血管收缩, 水钠潴留, 病情发展,由代偿至失代偿,由适应至适应不良。

  6. Median length of hospital stay: 6 days Hospital readmissions: 2% within 2 days 20% at 30 days 50% at 6 months Mortality: 11.6% at 30 days 33.1% at 12 months 50% at 5 years 1. Aghababian RV. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2002;3(suppl 4):S3 S9. 2. Jong P et al. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1689 1694. Outcomes of Acute decompensaed heart failure

  7. ADHF的临床症状和评估 CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH ADHF

  8. ADHF的体征 (1)颈静脉怒张 (2)心音及呼吸音异常 (3)心尖搏动移位 (4)体液潴留 (5)低CO表现(心动过速,低血压,四肢冷,精神状态变化) 大多数患者出现容量负荷增加伴周围水肿及颈静脉怒张,肺部可有啰音。根据ADHERE注册,约65%入院时诊断为ADHF的患者有肺部啰音,奔马律及二尖瓣返流杂音常可听到,心尖搏动弥散、移位。

  9. ADHF 的 诊 断 1. 既往病史 2. 临床症状及体征 3. ECG 4. 胸片、CT 5. 实验室检查:血常规、电解质、血糖、 尿素氮、Cr 6. BNP及心脏生物标志物 7. 心超

  10. The Hospitalized Patient Oxygen Therapy and Rapid Intervention Oxygen therapy should be administered to relieve symptoms related to hypoxemia. Whether the diagnosis of HF is new or chronic, patients who present with rapid decompensation and hypoperfusion associated with decreasing urine output and other manifestations of shock are critically ill and rapid intervention should be used to improve systemic perfusion.

  11. The Hospitalized Patient Treatment With Intravenous Loop Diuretics Patients admitted with HF and with evidence of significant fluid overload should be treated with intravenous loop diuretics. Therapy should begin in the emergency department or outpatient clinic without delay, as early intervention may be associated with better outcomes for patients hospitalized with decompensated HF(Level of Evidence: B). If patients are already receiving loop diuretic therapy, the initial intravenous dose should equal or exceed their chronic oral daily dose. Urine output and signs and symptoms of congestion should be serially assessed, and diuretic dose should be titrated accordingly to relieve symptoms and to reduce extracellular fluid volume excess. (Level of Evidence: C).

  12. DIURATIC FOR ADHF

  13. The Hospitalized Patient Intensifying the Diuretic Regimen When diuresis is inadequate to relieve congestion, as evidence by clinical evaluation, the diuretic regimen should be intensified using either: a.higher doses of loop diuretics; b. addition of a second diuretic (such as metolazone, spironolactone or intravenous chlorthiazide) or c. Continuous infusion of a loop diuretic.

  14. I IIa IIb III The Hospitalized Patient Urgent Cardiac Catheterization and Revascularization When patients present with acute HF and known or suspected acute myocardial ischemia due to occlusive coronary disease, especially when there are signs and symptoms of inadequate systemic perfusion, urgent cardiac catheterization and revascularization is reasonable where it is likely to prolong meaningful survival.

  15. I IIa IIb III The Hospitalized Patient Severe Symptomatic Fluid Overload In patients with evidence of severely symptomatic fluid overload in the absence of systemic hypotension, vasodilators such as intravenous nitroglycerin, nitroprusside or neseritide can be beneficial when added to diuretics and/or in those who do not respond to diuretics alone.

  16. IIa IIa IIa IIa IIb IIb IIb IIb III III III III I I I IIa IIa IIa IIa IIb IIb IIb IIb III III III III I I I IIa IIa IIa IIa IIb IIb IIb IIb III III III III I I I B The Hospitalized Patient Ultrafiltration and Intravenous Inoptropic Drugs Ultrafiltration is reasonable for patients with refractory congestion not responding to medical therapy. Intravenous inotropic drugs such as dopamine, dobutamine or milrinone might be reasonable for those patients presenting with documented severe systolic dysfunction, low blood pressure and evidence of low cardiac output, with or without congestion, to maintain systemic perfusion and preserve end-organ performance.

  17. 奈西立肽(重组人脑钠肽 rhBNP) • 治疗ADHF的疗效及安全性 • 奈西立肽(rhBNP, Nesiritide)为重组人B-型利钠肽(脑钠肽),作用与内源性BNP相似,能迅速改善血液动力学 状态及呼吸困难等症状。 • 有明显的排钠利尿作用,降低醛固酮和去甲肾上腺素水平,抑制肾素活性和内皮素分泌。 • 半衰期约18min,其副作用与其血管扩张作用有关,可出现剂量依赖性低血压,奈西立肽一般不会发生快速耐药性,也无毒性代谢产物,不引起心律失常。

  18. 美国FDA批准奈西立肽治疗ADHF ●2002年美国FDA批准奈西立肽可用于治疗ADHF。 ●临床应用时的剂量为0.01—0.03μg/kg·min持续 静脉滴注,用药期间应注意可能出现的低血压。

  19. ADHERE2007报道 与住院后(平均为15.5 h)再开始使用脑利钠肽治疗相比,在急诊室(来院2.8h)即对ADHF患者进行早期脑利钠肽静脉输注可显著改善预后。

  20. 奈西立肽治疗ADHF临床应用的评价 ● 推荐剂量为静脉团注2μg/ kg(于60 s以上注入) ,继 之以0.01—0.03μg/kg·min的速度静脉滴注。 ● 应用此药时,应对患者的血压、尿量、肾功能进行监测。 ● 对肾功能可能产生不良作用,以及对死亡率的不利影响,其临床应 用的安全性受到关注,对这些问题,目前正在进行若干大规模、随机 临床试验。

  21. 国产奈西立肽新活素的产品特点 • 新活素是FDA和SFDA近二十年来唯一批准的用于急性心力衰竭急救的一类新药。 • 迅速纠正血流动力学紊乱,缓解呼吸困难;维持心脏微环境稳定,有效阻止心脏重塑。 • 降低患者的再住院率和病死率,提高患者的生存质量。 • 该药已经进入了ESC和ACC/AHA治疗指南。

  22. I S R S D S M S K G R L rhBNP G H G F R C R S S C L K V G K P M S S V Q G 新活素的药理作用 维持心脏微环境稳态 延缓心脏重塑进程 迅速纠正血流动力学紊乱 改善呼吸困难,抢救心衰 触发心肌细胞应激性信号瀑布, 提高心肌抗缺血缺氧能力 选择性扩张冠脉循环和肺循环血管,对体循环影响小 抑制心脏纤维母 细胞胶原合成 利尿排钠,增强利尿剂利尿排钠,而不降低肾小球的滤过率 促进心肌细胞外 基质降解 无正性肌力和正性心率作用,降低心肌耗氧量,无致心律失常 抑制心脏组织 纤维化基因表达上调 明显抑制交感神经系统、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的恶性上调 全面启动心脏保护

  23. 左西孟旦(Levosimendan, Simdax) ● 钙增敏剂(Calcium sensitizer):左西孟旦 ● 主要作用机制为: (1)与肌钙蛋白-C(Troponin-C, TnC)结合,增加收缩 蛋白对细胞内Ca2+的敏感性,而不增加Ca2+的内流; (2)直接增强肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白之间的相互作用; (3)稳定Ca2+ TnC构象; (4)有部分磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制作用; (5)促进三磷酸腺苷敏感性钾通道开放。

  24. 左西孟旦(Levosimendan, Simdax) ●左西孟旦有扩张冠状动脉和外周血管(动、静脉)的作 用,在改善心脏泵功能时,不增加心率,对交感神经无激活作用, 可降低血浆内皮素和去甲肾上腺素水平,可降低心室前、后负荷, 增加组织灌注。对心肌缺血和再灌注损伤有心脏保护作用,不增加 心肌耗氧量,一般无心律失常副作用。 ● 2000年应用于临床以来,已有数项临床试验评价其在治疗 ADHF的疗效和安全性。

  25. 左西孟旦(Levosimendan, Simdax) RIVIVE-Ⅰ试验(2003年)100例ADHF, 用左西孟旦后脑钠肽(BNP)水平降低较安慰剂组明显,治疗5 d后两组BNP水平降低程度仍有显著差异,治疗组症状改善者多 (分别为49%及33%)。 RIVIVE-Ⅱ试验600例ADHF患者在常规治疗的基础上,随机加用左西孟旦。 左西孟旦组心功能改善者比对照组多33%,心功能恶化者比对照组少30%, 其次要终点(不同时间点症状改善,脑钠肽水平变化,住院时间等)显示左西孟 旦组均优于对照组。但治疗组的死亡率高于对照组,低血压和房颤的发生率也高 于对照组(分别为 50%比36%,8%比2%)。 SURVIVE试验(2005年)1327例AHF患者,采用双盲、双模拟方法,比较左西孟旦与多巴酚丁胺治疗后180 d的病死率,结果左西孟旦组30d后的死亡率比对照组降低25%。 CASINO试验 600例低心输出量HF患者 ,结果左西孟 旦治疗24 h,6个月时患者病死率明显低于安慰剂组和多巴 酚丁胺组,表明其有改善HF患者预后的作用。

  26. 失代偿性HF而反复住院的患者也在增加, HF治疗的医疗费用高昂。 ADHF的病情危重,病死率高,但如能及时诊断治疗,多数患者可获较好的临床疗效。 ADHF近年来在诊断治疗上取得了进展。应用BNP/NT-proBNP对急性呼吸困难患者检测,以诊断HF比其他方法更有价值。 重组人脑钠肽–奈西立肽治疗ADHF取得了令人瞩目的疗效。钙增敏剂左西孟旦的出现,在正性肌力药物的行列中是一种新的选择。 有关ADHF临床研究正在进行之中,诊治指南有望在不久问世。 小 结

  27. 谢 谢

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