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The science programs of RIB facilities

The science programs of RIB facilities. IUPAP WG9 Symposium – Washington DC. A personal selection of topics and recent examples June 4, 2015. Reiner Krücken | Science Division Head | TRIUMF Professor of Physics | University of British Columbia. Big Questions in Nuclear Physics.

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The science programs of RIB facilities

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  1. The science programs of RIB facilities IUPAP WG9 Symposium – Washington DC A personal selection of topics and recent examples June 4, 2015 Reiner Krücken | Science Division Head | TRIUMF Professor of Physics | University of British Columbia

  2. Big Questions in Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics – Exploring the Heart Of Matter US National Academies Decadal Survey 2010 • How Did Visible Matter Come Into Being and How Does It Evolve? • How Does Subatomic Matter Organize Itself and What Phenomena Emerge? • Are the Fundamental Interactions That Are Basic to the Structure of Matter Fully Understood? • How Can the Knowledge and Technological Progress Provided by Nuclear Physics Best Be Used to Benefit Society? Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  3. Fundamental Rare Isotope Beam Science • Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena • precision tests of ab-initio theory • evolution of nuclear phenomena with isospin (neutron-to-proton ratio) • exploring the limits of nuclear existence • Origin and enrichment of the elements • crucial reactions in stellar burning and explosions • identifying path and site of the r-process • neutron star processes and properties • Beyond the Standard Model • precision tests of electroweak decays • atomic parity violation • electric dipole moments • matrix elements for neutrinolessdouble-beta decay Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  4. Production of Radioactive Ion Beams Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) In-flightseparation (IF) Exotic nuclei produced in thin target as fragment of heavy beam Reaction induced by light projectile (p,d,n) in thick target Fragments move with beam velocity (30-90% c) Access to all elements and very short-lived isotopes <ms • Diffusion from thick target • depends on chemistry • - needs time (> ms) Experiments with fast, stopped, and re-accelerated beams Experiments with low-energy (stopped) and re-accelerated beams Production methods provide complementary access to exotic nuclei (species, energies, intensities) and enable studies of different facets of nuclear properties and reactions Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  5. Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena Nuclear Structure and Reactions Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  6. Structures and Phases of the Strong Interaction • Phenomena governed by strong interaction span large energy range • QCD is non-perturbative at large distances (fm) / low energies • Need different levels of approximation at each scale • Identify most important (practical) degrees of freedom for each energy scale • Preserve all relevant degrees of freedom in each step of approximation Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  7. Towards a Unified Theory of All Nuclei (CI) dimension of the problem (DFT) Interfaces provide crucial clues Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  8. Advances in Nuclear Theory Nucleon and nuclear magnetic moments from Lattice QCD Nuclear reactions in ab-initio theory Form factor of Hoyle state in 12C with Quantum Monte Carlo Coupled cluster description with realistic forces up to 40Ca Fusion cross-sections of medium mass nuclei in Time Dependent Density Functional Theory Mapping the Nuclear Landscape in DFT (uncertainties in dripline predictions) LQCD Resolution ab initio CI DFT Erler et al., Nature486, 509 (2012) Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  9. At and Beyond the Dripline • Weak binding • Coupling to continuum • Few-body correlations Halo masses from Penning traps ISOLDE & TRIUMF adopted from Blaum, Dilling, Nobel Symposium 2012 Extended wave function Narrow momentum distribution following one neutron removal Heaviest Halo Nucleus 37Mg RIKEN Kobayashi, PRL 112, 242501 (2014) Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  10. Revision of Textbook Knowledge Classical shell gaps disappear: N=20, 28 New shell gaps emerge: N=16, 32, 34 Tensor and 3-nucleon forces play a key role in evolution of shell structure far off stability R. Krücken, Contemporary Physics 52, 2 (2011) First excited state in 54Ca: D. Steppenbeck, Nature502, 207 (2013) Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  11. Probing Shell Structure Decay Spectroscopy Few-Nucleon Transfer GSI 133Sn 100Sn ORNL 3x10-4pps K.L. Jones et al., Nature 465 (2010) 454 Ch. Hinke et al., Nature 486 (2012) 341 ISAC/ARIEL HIE-ISOLDE NSCL ReA3 SPIRAL2 RISING @ GSI EURICA @ RIBF GRIFFIN @ ISAC FAIR, FRIB, ARIEL etc. Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  12. Giant dipole Mass-radius relationship of neutron stars Neutron skins in neutron-richnuclei Collective Response and Neutron Matter Symmetry energy and its density dependence close to saturation density Soft Dipole Excitation Adrich, PRL 95, 132501 (2005) Pygmy dipole GSI GSI 10-16m  104 m Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  13. Origin and enrichment of the elements Nuclear Astrophysics Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  14. Nuclear Astrophysics A field at the interface of Astrophysics and Nuclear Physics • Observational tools, signatures, and developments • Large computational modeling for stellar and nuclear systems • Laboratory tools for experimental evidence M. Wiescher, NSAC LRP resolution Meeting, Kitty Hawk, NC, April 16-21, 2015

  15. Open Questions in Nuclear Astrophysics • What is the origin of the elements? • What nuclear processes contribute to the origin of elements • How did the chemical composition of theuniverse evolve? Very old star 2nd Generation star Sr Courtesy M. Wiescher Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  16. Enrichment of the Universe with Heavy Elements Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  17. Nuclear Reactions in Stars and Stellar Explosions Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  18. Stellar Explosions • Shock driven explosion • – core collapse supernovae – • p-process • r-process • p-process: • Fuel determined by dissociation and recombination processes in collapse and by seed abundance in stellar layers! • Accretion driven explosion • – novae, type SN Ia, XRB – • Hot CNO, • αp-process, • rp-process, • weak interaction, • pycnonuclear burning, • Fuel determined by accreted matter and seed distribution in accreted layers! Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  19. Explosive Hydrogen and Helium Burningin x-Ray Bursts, Novae & Supernovae Production/destruction of cosmic gamma ray emitters in novae and supernovae: 18F, 22Na, 26Al, 44Ti Novae signatures in pre-solar grains Nuclear reactions driving the light curves of x-ray bursts Example:direct radiative captures: DRAGON@ISAC, SECAR@FRIB X-ray burst Only 9 direct radiativecapture measurements in inverse kinematics using RIBs Accretingneutron star x-ray burst Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  20. Direct Reaction Measurements in Storage Rings GSI Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  21. The fate of the rp-process ashes a probe of the neutron star crust Cooling of outer neutron star crust by neutrino emission in cycles of electron capture and its inverse,b--decay, involving neutron-rich nuclei at a typical depth of about 150 meters. Observations of coolingneutron stars probe the crust and interior structure Schatz et al. Nature 505 (2014) 62 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  22. Nuclear physics along the r-process path What is the site for the r-process? • What do we need to measure? • mass differences • decay half-lives • betadelayedneutronemissionbranches • neutron capture rate • photo-disintegration rate •  all depend on nuclear shell structure Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  23. Sensitivity studies: Impact of masses on abundances Mass model 1 Mass model 2 • Vary mass of individual nucleus by +- factor 10 • Evaluate the effect on r-process abundance in astrophysical scenario • Color indicates level of change in overall abundance when specific nuclear mass was changed •  important guidance for experiments Mass model 3 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  24. Original Area II 2012 CARIBU 2013 Masses & Half-Lives Along the r-Process Path Includes old T1/2 CPT Penning Trap measurements at CARIBU Includes new T1/2 ANL J. Van Schelt et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 045805 (2012) J. Van Scheltet al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111,061102 (2013) RIKEN Half-Lives of 110 neutron-rich nuclei across the N=82 shell closure Lorusso et al., PRL 114 (2015) Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  25. RIB Facilities Poised to Tackle the r-Process • Neutron capture • (d,p) surrogate reaction (ISOL) • Coulomb dissociation (IF) • Masses • Traps (ISOL/IF) • Storage rings (IF) Fission barriers • Half-lives • Decay stations (ISOL/IF) N=126 waiting points Rare Earth Peak N=82 waiting points • Beta-delayed neutrons • Neutron calorimeters (ISOL/IF) • Neutron-gamma spectrometers (ISOL) Light Element Primary Process Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  26. Beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics Fundamental Symmetries Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  27. Precision experiments testing SM predictions in electro-weak sector Electric dipole moments: neutron, atom, electron Particle decays: m, p, K, neutron, B & D-mesons Parity violating e-scattering Qweak Decay of rare isotopes and atomic parity violation at RIB facilities  Deviations from SM predictions via contributions of new particles & forces  Complementary to direct searches if very high precision can be reached Searching for Physics Beyond the Standard Model • Direct searches at LHC • A Higgs boson discovered (is it SM?) • Supersymmetry, Exotic gauge bosons, etc. ATLAS Tier-1 data center at TRIUMF (5000 cores, 13 PB storage) ATLAS detector Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  28. Rare Isotopes as Laboratoryto Search for New Physics Neutrinoless double beta decay (Matter-antimatter asymmetry) (# of quark families, extra Z, right-handed / scalar currents) Beta-decay correlations (scalar, tensor interactions) Atomic Parity Violation Electric Dipole Moment (matter-antimatter asymmetry) g (anapole moment, weak hadronic currents) Z Fr Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  29. Atomic Parity Violation • Francium: heavy nucleus, simple atomic structure • excellent candidate for low-energy tests of hadronic weak interaction •  search for physics beyond the Standard Model (~20 times more sensitive than Cs) Parity-non-conserving (PNC) atomic transition (8s ➔7s) [Atomic Parity Violation (APV)]  Probes strength of the weak neutral current between electron and quarks at very low momentum transfer Qweak (J-Lab) PVES and APV set complementary constraints on the neutral-weak quark coupling constants: C1u – C1d(isovector) C1u + C1d(isoscalar) PVES = Parity violating electron scattering Androic et al., PRL 2013 Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  30. Francium Atomic Parity Violation Program TRIUMF First ever laser spectroscopy of 205Fr A. Voss et al., PRL 111, 122501 (2013) Successful Francium trapping of 207,209,221Fr in new Magneto Optical Trap (MOT) Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  31. Rare Isotopes as Laboratoryto Search for New Physics Neutrinoless double beta decay (Matter-antimatter asymmetry) (# of quark families, extra Z, right-handed / scalar currents) Beta-decay correlations (scalar, tensor interactions) Atomic Parity Violation Electric Dipole Moment (matter-antimatter asymmetry) g (anapole moment, weak hadronic currents) Z Fr Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  32. Unitarity of the CKM Quark Mixing Matrix Mass eigenstates Weak eigenstates Nobel 2008 Vud (nuclear b-decay) = 0.97417(21) Vus (kaon-decay) = 0.2253(8) [PDG] Vub (B meson decay) = 0.00339(44) Superallowed Fermi decays 0+ |Vud|2+ |Vus|2+ |Vub|2= 0.99978 ± 0.00055 I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, PRC 91, 025501 (2015) T1/2 QEC BR  unitarityis satisfied to a precision of 0.06%. 0+ Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  33. Test of CVC using Superallowed Fermi Decays FtWS = 3072.27(72) s |Vud | = 0.97417 ± 0.00021 Hardy and Towner, PRC 91, 025501 (2015) Next Frontier: Nuclear Structure Studies to constrain IsospinBreaking Corrections Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  34. Rare Isotopes as Laboratoryto Search for New Physics Neutrinoless double beta decay (Matter-antimatter asymmetry) (# of quark families, extra Z, right-handed / scalar currents) Beta-decay correlations (scalar, tensor interactions) Atomic Parity Violation Electric Dipole Moment (matter-antimatter asymmetry) g (anapole moment, weak hadronic currents) Z Fr Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  35. Electric Dipole Moments and BSM Physics EDMs violate time reversal symmetry could indicate new mechanisms for CP violation Quark EDM Nucleons (n, p) Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM): SUSY, etc. Quark Chromo-EDM Nuclei(Hg, Ra, Rn) Electron in paramagnetic molecules (YbF, ThO) Electron EDM M. Ramsey-Musolf Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  36. Atomic EDM in Octupole Deformed odd-A Nuclei Schiff Moment: Polarization of nuclear charge distribution along angular moment ~ J by a P-/T-odd interaction Coulomb Excitation of 220Rn, 224Ra Deduced shapes of 220Rn, 224Ra, ISOLDE Octupole Vibration (dynamic deformation) Octupole Deformed (static deformation) Gaffney, Nature497, 199 (2013) Octupole deformation leads to enhanced Schiff Moment (x 1000 over Hg)  Improved sensitivity to EDM Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  37. Oven: 225Ra Transverse cooling Zeeman Slower Magneto-optical Trap (MOT) Optical dipole trap (ODT) EDM measurement Atomic EDM experiments with RIBs Proposed Rn-EDM set-up for Gamma‐anisotropy precession detection in 223Rn at ISAC Current Ra-EDM set-up for 225Ra at ANL Precession of Polarized Ra 223Rn TRIUMF 225Ra ANL simulation R.H. Parker et al. arXiv:1504.07477  EDM experiments require high intensity sources and long beamtime  FRIB beam dump harvesting or online production on ARIEL ISOL target) Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  38. Applications of Rare Isotopes Materials Science Nuclear Medicine Biology Ocean Science Environmental Science Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  39. T, t x Materials Science with RIBs Beta detected NMR Perturbed Angular Correlations Emission Channeling Tracer Diffusion Rates Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  40. Lithium Ion Diffusion in Polymer Electrolytes McKenzie, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014) TRIUMF Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  41. Isotopes for Medical Application:Tumor Treatment and Imaging Alpha emitting isotopes: powerful way for direct tumor treatment Clustered DNA damage due to ‘heavy particle’ stopping power, short range. 211At particularly well suited Gamma-emitting 209At can be used to test functionality via imaging First image 209At with ISAC isotopes 211At is generated via 211Rn at ISAC & ARIEL via proton induced spallation Another isotope of interest for target alpha therapy is225Ac also produced at ISAC & ARIEL TRIUMF Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

  42. Conclusions • RIB Facilities are addressing the Big Questions in Nuclear Physics • Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena • Origin and enrichment of the elements • Physics beyond the Standard Model • Applications for the benefit of Society • In-flight facilities have a farther reach towards the extremes of isospin • ISOL facilities are more focussed on precision studies • In-flight and ISOL facilities • enable complementary access to exotic nuclei (species, energies, intensities) • enable complementary studies of different facets of nuclear structure and reactions Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9

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