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Section VII Energy Storage

Section VII Energy Storage. Wind is Intermittent. Because wind energy production is not stable over time and is not accurately predictable, some wind farms utilize energy storage systems to help regulate power flow. These are generally expensive and only used when necessary for the application.

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Section VII Energy Storage

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  1. Section VIIEnergy Storage

  2. Wind is Intermittent • Because wind energy production is not stable over time and is not accurately predictable, some wind farms utilize energy storage systems to help regulate power flow. • These are generally expensive and only used when necessary for the application.

  3. Energy Density by Volume of Some Materials (Wh/cm3) • Hydrogen • Liquid or 800 bar 2.6 • Compressed 150 bar 0.405 • STP 0.003 • Diesel 10.7 • Gasoline 9.7 • Ethanol 6.8 • Methanol 4.6 • Natural Gas (Methane) • LNG 7.22 • Compressed 250 bar 3.10 • STP 0.011 • Li-Ion Batteries 0.20 • NiMH Batteries 0.28 • Lead/Acid Batteries 0.04 1 bar = 100 kPa = 0.98692 atm

  4. Energy Density by Mass of Some Materials (kWh/kg) This has little relevance for gaseous materials because of storage volume issues! • Hydrogen 38 • Diesel 12.7 • Gasoline 12.2 • Natural Gas (Methane) 12.1 • Ethanol 7.89 • Methanol 6.4 • Compressed Air 2 (per m3) • Pumped hydro storage 0.3 (per m3) • Flywheel, Carbon Fiber 0.2 • Flywheel, Fused Silica 0.9 • Li-Ion Batteries 0.15 • NiMH Batteries 0.10 • Lead Acid Batteries 0.025 1 kWh = 3.6 J = 0.8598 cal

  5. Energy Storage Technologies • Pumped Hydro (water) • Compressed Air • Batteries • Alternatives in the future may include • Hydrogen production operating electrolyzers to split water

  6. Pumped Hydro This is the most economical way to store massive amounts of energy for production of electricity. The world’s largest hydro-storage facility at Ludington, Michigan, uses Lake Michigan as the lower reservoir and an artificial lake 100m higher as the upper reservoir. The plant can deliver 2,000 MW at full power and can store 15,000 MWh (54 TJ) of energy. The USA has 19.5 GW capacity of pumped storage. Lake holds 27 billion gallons of water

  7. Wind Energy Storage • Smooth wind speed variations into a constant power output system. 165.6 MW Nysted, Denmark Offshore Wind Farm using 72 turbines. Source: “In store for the future? Interconnection and energy storage for offshore wind farms,” J. Enslin and P. Bauer, Renewable Energy World, Jan-Feb, 2004.

  8. Power Grid Storage • Flow Battery Systems • Vanadium flow battery in lieu of upgrades to a 190-kilometer transmission line in Castle Valley, Utah • Sodium bromide and sodium polysulfide to provide backup electricity in Little Barford, England. 3 Times the energy density of Lead-Acid Batteries

  9. Storage – No Good Solution • Pumped hydro and underground compressed air are limited by the specific geography and geology of an area (e.g. whether there is a large body of water available to pump or the rock formation allows air to be pumped and compressed) • Batteries are relatively expensive to maintain and have limited life.

  10. Exercise 13 1). High quality batteries are approximately • never used in conjunction with power systems. • inexpensive and have a long life • 100 times less energy dense by mass (weight) than liquid fuels like gasoline. • 50 times less energy dense by volume than liquid fuels like gasoline. • C. and D. • A. and C. • B. and D.

  11. Exercise 13 2). The two best options for large-scale energy storage are • batteries and flywheels • compressed air and pumped hydro • pumped hydro and batteries • compressed air and batteries

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