Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

1. Master Class: 16th June 2012 Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia Presentation available at: www2.env.uea.ac.uk/energy/energy.htm www.uea.ac.uk/~e680/energy/energy.htm Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007 Keith Tovey (杜伟贤)M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv CRed Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia

2. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling • Biomass Gasification • Coffee Break at 10:05 • The Energy Tour – Depart at 10:20 • Biomass Plant • CHP • ZICER • Questions & Answers • - Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK

3. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings 3

4. Nelson Court楼 Constable Terrace楼 4 4

5. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Thomas Paine Study Centre ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Medical School Phase 2 Medical School 5 5

6. Constable Terrace - 1993 • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 • units each with en-suite facilities • Heat Recovery of body and cooking • heat ~ 50%. • Insulation standards exceed 2006 • standards • Small 250 W panel heaters in • individual rooms. 6

7. Educational Buildings at UEA in 1990s Queen’s Building 1993 Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Elizabeth Fry Building Employs Termodeck principle and uses ~ 25% of Queen’s Building 7

8. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Elizabeth Fry Binası - 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building at time. Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Maliyeti ~%6 daha fazla olsada, ısınma ihtiyacı zamanın ortalama binalarının ~%20’si. En son Bina Yönetmeliklerini bile büyük ölçüde aşmaktadır. Tek bir ev tipi merkezi ısıtma kazanı ile çalışmaktadır. 8

9. Conservation: management improvementsKoruma: yönetimde iyileştirmeler Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. Dikkatli İzleme ve Analiz, enerji tüketimini azaltabilir. .

10. Comparison with other buildings Diğer Binalarla Karşılaştırma Carbon Dioxide Performance Karbon Dioksit Performanı Energy Performance Enerji Performansı 10

11. Non Technical Evaluation of Elizabeth Fry Building Performance Elizabeth Fry Bina Performansının Teknik Olmayan Değerlendirmesi User Satisfaction Kullanıcı memnuniyeti thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Isıl rahatlık+%28 Hava kalitesi+%36 aydınlatma +%25 gürültü +%26 Bir Düşük Enerji binası ayrıca içinde çalışmak için de daha iyi bir yerdir. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in. 11

12. ZICER Building • Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. • Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005

13. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

14. The ZICER Building – • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing

15. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

16. Operation of Main Building Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs 空气通过空心的板层 Air enters the internal occupied space 空气进入内部使用空间

17. Space for future chilling 将来制冷的空间 The return air passes through the heat exchanger 空气回流进入热交换器 Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building 出建筑物 Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

18. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量 Winter Day

19. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层也把热散发到房间内 Winter Night

20. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day 把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器 night ventilation/ free cooling Summer night

21. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning 空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却 混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少/停止对空调的使用 Summer day

22. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57% 能源消耗（kWh/天） 原始供热方法 新供热方法

23. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings 与其他建筑相比ZICER楼的能量需求 自然通风221508GJ 使用空调384967GJ 建造209441GJ Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输 On site construction energy现场建造 Workforce Transport劳动力运输 Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy 基本功暖/供冷能耗 Functional Energy功能能耗 Refurbishment Energy改造能耗 Demolition Energy拆除能耗 28% 54% 51% 34% 29% 61%

24. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

25. Low Energy Buildings and their Management Low Carbon Energy Provision Photovoltaics CHP Adsorption chilling Biomass Gasification The Energy Tour Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia 25

26. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays

27. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Output per unit area Little difference between orientations in winter months Load factors Façade: 2% in winter ~8% in summer Roof 2% in winter 15% in summer 27

28. Performance of PV cells on ZICER All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation The three arrays on the façade respond differently 28

29. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North 29

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31. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally Cells active Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 31 31 31 31

32. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW峰值34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient • Most use is for computers • DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient • Need an integrated approach 32

33. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000 33

34. Efficiency of PV Cells Poly-crystalline Cell Efficiency Mono-crystalline Cell Efficiency • Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 14% and close to standard test bed efficiency. • Most projections of performance use this efficiency • Average efficiency over year is 11.1% Inverter Efficiencies reduce overall system efficiencies to 10.1% and 6.73% respectively Peak Cell efficiency is ~ 9.5%. Average efficiency over year is 7.5% 34

35. Life Cycle Issues for PV Array on ZICER Building Carbon Factors for Electricity Production Spain ~ 0.425 kg / kWh UK and Germany ~ 0.53 kg/kWh

36. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses Gas Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36% 61% Flue Losses 86% Heat Exchanger

37. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

38. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide 38

39. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer 39 39

40. 绝热 高温高压 Heat rejected High Temperature High Pressure 节流阀 Compressor 冷凝器 Throttle Valve Condenser 蒸发器 低温低压 压缩器 Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure 为冷却进行热提取 Heat extracted for cooling A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit

41. 外部热 Heat from external source 绝热 高温高压 Heat rejected High Temperature High Pressure 吸收器 Desorber 节流阀 冷凝器 Throttle Valve Condenser 热交换器 Heat Exchanger 蒸发器 低温低压 Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure W ~ 0 吸收器 为冷却进行热提取 Absorber Heat extracted for cooling Absorption Heat Pump Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

42. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 • Uses Waste Heat from CHP • provides most of chilling requirements in summer • Reduces electricity demand in summer • Increases electricity generated locally • Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

43. The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power • Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands • Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat • Will have under 7 year payback • Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw mills • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing • student numbers by 250%

44. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Low Energy Buildings Photo-Voltaics Low Energy Buildings • Absorption Chilling • Advanced CHP using Biomass Gasification • World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management • Low Energy Buildings • Effective Adaptive Energy Management • Photovoltaics • Combined Heat and Power Absorption Chilling Efficient CHP 44 44 44

45. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Photo-Voltaics Absorption Chilling Efficient CHP Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification 45 45 45

46. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Efficient CHP Absorption Chilling 46 46 46

47. Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia • Low Energy Buildings and their Management • Low Carbon Energy Provision • Photovoltaics • CHP • Adsorption chilling • Biomass Gasification • Coffee Break at 10:05 • The Energy Tour – Depart at 10:20 • Biomass Plant • CHP • ZICER • Questions & Answers • - Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK

48. Energy Security is a potentially critical issue for the UK Import Gap Gas Production and Demand in UK Only 50% now provided by UK sources. Warning issued on 17th April 2012 that over-reliance on Norway and imported LNG from Qatar will lead to price rises by end of year Severe Cold Spells Langeled Line to Norway Oil reaches $130 a barrel UK no longer self sufficient in gas Prices have become much more volatile since UK is no longer self sufficient in gas.

49. What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem? How does UK compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others? France UK Per capita Carbon Emissions 49

50. Carbon Emissions and Electricity UK France 50