The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial Diffusion How do industrial regionalization, uneven development, and core-periphery patterns come to exist?

3. The Industrial Revolution • Pre-Industrialization: How were goods produced BEFORE IR? • People had made goods for thousands of years before IR • things made slowly (low productivity), all by hand • workmen handled all facets of production > different quality goods • guilds created production standards, but prices were high

4. The Industrial Revolution (Cont) • Pre-Industrialization: what did the Revolution change? • Spatial distribution • work done at home (cottage industry) • goods sold locally • workers paid by the “piece” • industry was dispersed in all locales

5. The Industrial Revolution (Cont) • What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution? • Once the IR occurred • things made quickly (high productivity), mostly by machine • workmen handled one discrete task > same quality of mass-produced items • Factories made similar goods with same production standards; prices came down

6. The Industrial Revolution (Cont) • What changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution? • Spatial Distribution • Work done at factories • Goods sold near and far • Workers paid by the hour • Industry was clustered in a few places

7. The Industrial Revolution (Cont) • Why did it begin in the Great Britain? • capitalist system • guilds had created a middle class of workmen • people free to form businesses • education • patent system encouraged development • labor: • Jethro Tull’s seed drill (1701) and other developments > improved productivity in farming > people can leave farms and work elsewhere

8. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Why did it begin in the Great Britain? (CONT) • raw materials (iron ore, coal) • rivers, canals, harbors (ease in trade) • small, compact size (iron and coal near rivers and harbors) • existing banking system (borrow $ to buy machinery) • stable political system • colonies (guaranteed markets, additional raw materials)

9. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Key developments • James Watt patents the steam engine (1769) • wood replaces running water as source of energy • changes location of machinery • was located by running water (streams, rivers) • now can be located wherever wood exists (more flexibility)

10. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Key developments (cont) • steam engine adapts to iron industry (iron deposits in Midlands, So. Scotland, So. Wales) • steam engine provides steady supply of hot air for blast furnace • ease in smelting iron and shaping it into “pig iron” [common size]

11. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Key developments (cont) • steam engine adapts to textile industry • cotton fiber spun into thread (inefficient by hand; efficient by machine) • thread woven into cloth with power looms in large factories

12. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • other industries arise from iron industry • wood becomes scarce > coal > coke (factories move to coal fields) • > integrated factories where iron is smelted and processed into steel • need to transport coal and iron > railroad

13. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Effects • economic: more goods at lower prices • social: available labor leaves farms and clusters in cities • urban blight, pollution • canned food (encourages new industry) • political: surplus labor > mistreated workers > liberalism and communism

14. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Effects • technological: > railroad, steamship • agricultural: > 2d Agricultural Revolution • increased productivity • use of machinery > larger farms > enclosures • demographic: caused move from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of DTM

15. The Industrial Revolution (cont) • Early Diffusion • eastward to Belgium, France, and Germany (early 1800s; delay due to Napoleonic Wars) • further diffusion to Italy, Netherlands, Russia and Sweden by late 1800s • U.S. not affected by political instability in Europe: diffusion by early 1800s • 8,000 spindles of textiles in 1808 > 80,000 spindles by 1811 • by Civil War, U.S. was world’s 2d largest industrial power

17. End of Part I

18. Industrial Regions How can the theme of culture regions be applied to industrial activity?

19. Types of industrial activity • Primary = extracting resources. Ex.? • Secondary = processing stage. Ex? • Tertiary = services • Transportation/Communication • Producer Services • Consumer Services • Each type of industrial activity displays unique spatial patterns, or “industrial regions.”

20. Primary Industry • Extract resources • Renewable can be used without being permanently depleted. Risk of overexploitation • Nonrenewable are depleted when used.

21. Secondary Industry • A.K.A. “manufacturing” • Traditionally clustered together in several regions • Each region is specialized because each activity has certain requirements; locations are chosen based on how advantageous they are. Ex.? • Regional specialization  core-periphery dynamic (UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT)

22. Secondary Industry (cont) • Global trends since 1950’s • Secondary industry declining in core countries • Factories closing down; people out of work • Core countries retain industries that require highly skilled or artisanal work. Ex. technopoles • Service industry boom • This is called deindustrialization • Core countries entering post-industrial phase • Periphery countries becoming industrialized • Transnational corporations manage a complex business system with multiple specialized locations.  Effect of globalization.

24. Service Industries • U.S., Canada, Europe and Japan = postindustrial • Transportation/communication services • Services that facilitate the distribution of goods, services and information to meet the requirements of modern industry. • Regional differences in the relative importance of various modes of transportation. EX Russia = rails; US=highway • Ex.?

25. Service Industries (cont) • Producer services • Required by those who produce goods; necessary for business growth and development • Generally located in the core • Require more educated labor force • Ex.? • Leads to more uneven development; industrialization of LDCs makes them more dependent upon industrial powers. • Information technology – growing field • Requires skilled, creative labor force, and little land • High-tech corridors developing. Ex. “Silicon Valley”

26. Service Industries (cont) • Consumer Services • Services aimed at keeping people healthy, educated, safe and happy. • Ex.?

27. The End