The Greek World

1. The Greek World War and advancements

2. The Greek World • Persia • Cyrus • Conquered much of Southwest Asia • Made Persia the world’s largest empire • Was able to do this because of his loyal, organized military • Had brave and skilled warriors called the Immortals, and a cavalry

3. The Greek World • Cambyses • Conquered Egypt, but Persia had a revolt • Darius • Claimed the throne and killed all of his rivals • Divided the government into provinces • Governors collected taxes for him, served as judges, and put down rebellions • Made sure the governors stayed loyal by sending officials to monitor their loyalty

4. The Greek World • Persian Society under Darius • Built roads and a new capital called Persepolis with carvings and statues • Zoroastrianism became popular • Expanded Persia • Went from India to Turkey to Arabia and the entire Fertile Crescent • Wanted Greece

5. The Greek World • Greece vs. Persia • Greek colonies in Turkey rebelled against Persia with aid from Greece • The Battle of Marathon • Darius invaded Greece at Marathon • Athens defeated Persia because they had better weapons and better leaders

6. The Greek World • Marathon Race • A messenger ran 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens to tell of the victory, fell over, and died • Xerxes • Darius’ son tried to invade Greece again • Defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae • Attacked and burned Athens before the Greeks eventually won destroying the Persian Navy as well

7. The Greek World • Sparta vs Athens • Sparta was military dominated society • Government was built around keep slaves (helots) in submission • Unhealthy males were left to die • Males were raised to be tough, to steal, to fight, be self-disciplined, and obedient

8. The Greek World • Athens • Boys learned to fight like in Sparta, not as harsh • Only had to be in the military for 2 years • Older men only had to serve in times of war • Learned to read, write, play music, sing • Studied the Iliad and the Odyssey

9. The Greek World • Private teachers offered advanced education for rich families • Philosophy, geometry, astronomy, public speaking • Poor families did not get this • Usually only could read or write • Girls received no education • Women had no rights

10. The Greek World • Delian League • An alliance between Greek city-states after the Persians to protect against invaders • Athens used their leadership in the League to make Athens an empire • Peloponnesian League • Another alliance in Greece headed by Sparta worried that Athens was becoming too powerful

11. The Greek World • Peloponnesian War • Spartan armies surrounded in 431BC Athens and burned their fields • Athens had built a walled passage to their port city so they imported foodprotected by a strong navy • Lasted for 10 years until a truce was called

12. The Greek World • Athens tried to attack the Spartan ally of Sicily in 415BC, lost, navy destroyed • Sparta invaded again cutting off their food • 404BC Athens surrendered • Different city-states traded ruling over Greece leaving it vulnerable to outside invasion

13. The Greek World • Macedonia Invades • Philip II became king of Macedonia • Improved on Greek war tactics and had better weapons • Easily conquered Greece • Headed toward Persia • Was murdered before he made it there

14. The Greek World • Alexandrian Greece • Thebes Rebellion • Thebes rebelled against a Macedonian leader, Philip’s son Alexander, they thought was weak • Within a year Thebes was destroyed and Theban people were slaves

15. The Greek World • Invasion of Persia • Alexander’s troop attacked Persia in 334BC winning battle after battle • Gordian knot • Legend held that there was a special knot and whoever could untie it would rule all of Asia • Alexander, according to legend, went and cut the knot with his sword • The army marched on to take over Egypt 332BC and the Persian Empire

16. The Greek World • Crossed into India in 327BC then headed back to Greece, but never made it • Died at age 33 • His empire divided between 3 generals • Hellenistic Macedonia stood until the Roman invasion in 100s BC • Hellenistic Syria rebelled against its rulers until Rome invaded in 60BC • Hellenistic Egypt was stable until Rome invaded in 30BC

17. The Greek World • Alexander wanted to spread Greek culture • Built new cities, usually named Alexandria, and set up schools, theaters, temples • Greek art, literature, and science spread into SW Asia • Did let people keep their own culture and traditions to keep them happy • These combined Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Syrian cultures was called Hellenistic, or Greek-like • Alexandria, Egypt had a massive library of the ancient world; now lost

18. The Greek World • Greek Achievements • The Arts • Statue sculptors wanted to perfect the human body, looking almost alive • Paintings were also realistic • Pots, vases, and vessels were decorated using black glaze or painted showing scenes from Greek literature

19. The Greek World • Architecture (turn to page 278-9 in your book) • Used tall marble columns to hold up massive roofs • Parthenon • Temple of Athena on the acropolis with a massive statue inside

20. The Greek World • Writing • Created dramas, plays, as a part of religious ceremonies • Eventually dramatized daily life • Two Types • Tragedies- serious, often sad and deadly plays • Comedies- funny, often made fun of famous people or the government

21. The Greek World • History • Greeks were interested in what the past could teach us • Thucydides wrote about the Peloponnesian War staying neutral in his writing • Philosophy • Explained events and things using reason, clear and ordered thing, instead of gods and goddesses

22. The Greek World • Socrates • Greatest Greek thinker • Socratic Method • Teach by asking questions and allowing students to think out answers using their own reasoning skills • Then challenge those answers with other questions • Also to challenge your own beliefs • People feared this and he was sentenced to death by drinking poison

23. The Greek World • Plato • Socrates student • Established a school called the Academy • Wrote books, such as The Republic, on justice and fairness and philosophy

24. The Greek World • Aristotle • Plato’s student and greatest Greek philosopher • Believed that reason was chief of all knowledge and it should govern people’s lives • Advanced the field of logic, using what you know to learn new things • This would inspire science for centuries, even today

25. The Greek World • Science • Mathematics • Euclid • Father of geometry • Eratosthenes • Calculated the size of the earth • Hypatia • Taught mathematics and astronomy

26. The Greek World • Medicine and Engineering • Hippocrates • First to write about what caused diseases • Also wrote about how doctors should behave • Engineers created the water screw that brings water from a lower level to a higher level among other inventions