Cells: History, Structure, and Function

1. Cells: History, Structure, and Function

2. Robert Hooke • First to describe cells • Used a compound microscope • _______________ • Actually looking at ___________ cells

4. Antony van Leeuwenhoek • Made many microscopes (single lens) • Describes several types of cells • First to study living, moving organisms with microscope

5. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of ______ • Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things • New cells are produced from ___________________

6. Compound Microscope Staph Bacteria Under Compound Microscope

7. Electron Microscopes • Transmission (TEM) • Specimens cut into very thin slices • Beam of electron pass through • Scanning (SEM) • Samples are dehydrated, put in a vacuum, and sometimes coated in materials like gold • Electrons are bounced off the surface • Producing 3-D image of surfaces

8. Electron Microscope Staph Bacteria under Electron Microscope

9. Classifying Cells • Prokaryote • Lack organized structures • Circular loop of nucleic acid • No ______________ • Ex: bacteria and blue-green algae • Eukaryote • Organized structures called _____________ • DNA in ____________ • Ex: animal, plant, fungi, and protists

10. Eukaryotic Cells • Three Regions • _________________ • __________ • ___________

11. Cell Membrane

12. Cell Membrane • Function • Regulate what comes in and out of cell • Communication • Protection and Support • ________________ • Double layer of lipid molecules • Fluid Mosaic • Lipid molecules with other pieces (protein and carbohydrates) embedded • Membrane in constant movement

13. Phospholipid • _________ Head • Hydrophilic • Attracted to water • __________ Tail • Hydrophobic • Does not want to be near water

14. Membrane Proteins • Allow larger molecules to pass through membrane • Can regulate what comes in or out

15. Other Molecules • Cholesterol • Stabilize the membrane • Keep non-polar tails from sticking to each other • Carbohydrate Chains • _____________________

16. Cell Wall • _____________ • Rigid outer layer covering cell membrane • Allow plants to support heavy structures like flowers • Contains ________ and various proteins

17. Movements Across Membranes • __________ Transport • Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated) • ______________ • ___________ Transport • Protein Pump • Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Movement is controlled by ___________

18. Concentration Amount of _________ (dissolved substance) in a volume of solution Expressed as ________________ Amount of mass is proportional to the concentration Volume is inversely proportional to the concentration

19. Passive Transport Movement from area of ________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration (down concentration gradient) Requires ______ energy Ex: Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated) and Osmosis

20. Diffusion • Movement of _____ from high to low concentrations • Requires no energy • Continues unit equilibrium is reached

21. Facilitated Diffusion • Solute cannot simply cross cell membrane because it is semi-permeable • Solute movement is aided by ______________________ • Allows diffusion of molecules that are too large to diffuse through membrane using simple diffusion

22. Osmosis • Movement of ________ from an area of high to low concentration • Requires no energy • Solutions surrounding cells can be • ______tonic – solution has a high [solute] compared to the inside of the cell • _____tonic- solution has the same [solute] as the inside of the cell • _____tonic- solution has a low [solute] compared to the inside of the cell

24. Active Transport • Movement solute from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _______ concentration (across or up the concentration gradient) • Requires energy (using ________) • Ex: Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

25. Protein Pumps • Membrane Protein pumps solute across cell membrane • Solute moving from low to high concentration • Requires ATP energy

26. Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Movement of large materials across cell membrane • Endocytosis • Movement ________ cell • Pocket of membrane pinches off to form vesicle (membrane circle surrounding material) • Two types • Phagocytosis- ______________________ • Pinocytosis- _____________________ • Exocytosis • Movement ________ of cell

27. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

28. Exocytosis

29. Cytoplasm • Everything inside to cell membrane except for the _____________ • Includes the fluid cytosol

30. Where do organelles come from? • Thought to originally be prokaryotes that formed a symbiotic relationship with another cell • Evidence • Many organelles are surrounded by two membranes • Some organelles contain their own ______

31. Nucleus • _____________ of Cell • Double membrane w/ many __________ • Contains DNA • Chromatin • Chromosomes • Nucleolus • Small dark region’ • Makes __________

32. Ribosome • Makes __________ • Two subunits made of RNA and protein • Found free floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

33. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Series of membrane bound canals • Two Types • ____________ • Studded w/ ribosomes • Processes and transports proteins • _____________ • No ribosomes • Processes and transports lipids

34. Golgi Apparatus • Stack of flattened pancake-like membranes • Modifies, packages, and ships out lipids and proteins

35. Lysosome • Vesicle filled w/ digestive enzymes • Breaks down _____________ • Aids in programmed cell death (apoptosis)

36. Vacuole • Animals • Many small membrane bound sacs • Storage compartments • Plants • Usually one large central sac • Storage sac and helps establish turgor pressure to keep plant upright

37. Mitochodria • Double membrane • Inner membrane highly folded • _____________of cell (makes ATP’s) • Only inherited from mother • Contains _______

38. Chloroplast • _______________ • Double membrane • Converts _______ energy into chemical energy • Contains chlorophyll pigment • Captures light energy • Contains ________

39. Cytoskeleton • Skeleton for Cell • Helps cell maintain shape • Provides support and protection • Aids in movement • Made of microtubules and microfilaments

40. Cilia • Short, hair-like microtubule extensions • Move in ______ motion • Move cell or move materials on the surface of cells • Cells usually have many

41. Flagella Long, whip-like microtubule extention Move in ______________ fashion Moves cells Cells usually only have one or a few

42. Centrioles • Only in ______ cells • Grouped microtubules • Aids in ___________ • Moves chromosomes with spindle fibers

43. Animal vs Plant Cells

44. Animal vs Plant Cells (cont)

45. Unicellualer Organisms • Organism made of _______ cell • Very simple • One cell performs all the functions of life • Ex: ______________

46. Multicellular Organisms Organisms made of many cells More complex Cells _______________ and perform certain functions (cell differentiation) All cells work together to perform all the functions of life Ex: _____________________

48. Levels of Organization

49. Levels of Organization (cont) __________ Molecule Macromolecule ___________ Tissue- cells working together towards a common goal ________- tissue working together towards a common goal Organ system- organ working together towards a common goal __________