Warm Up: Images Notes on: Plains Indians Closing Activity: Quotes Review

1. Warm Up: Images • Notes on: Plains Indians • Closing Activity: Quotes • Review

6. Plains Indians -Great Plains or Great American Desert (Dessert- Misconception) Grassland extending through West- central portion of the United States -Nomadic lifestyle Gather wild food and hunt buffalo -importance of the horse and buffalo Horses are how to move through settlements All parts of Buffalo are used. -communal living Small extended family groups – community effort for preparation and survival -common use of the tribe’s land No one OWNS land -Sioux, Lakota, Cheyenne, Apache, Nez Pierce, Blackfeet Nomadic Tribes

7. American Interests -Lands given by treaty to Indian groups Initially one massive reservation, than broken up into sectors -California Gold Rush, 1848 Attraction of Gold and Silver bring thousands onto Native American lands. -Homestead Act, 1862 160 Acres of free land to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household

8. American Interests - -transcontinental railroad building Massacre of the buffalo herds -Central and Union Pacific Railroads -Irish and Chinese Immigrants Treated poorly – Chinese get the worst – 35 dollars a month and must provide their own food – Irish 40-60 dollars a month and food is provided. -Promontory Point, Utah, 1869 Meeting of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads – creates the FIRST transcontinental railroad.

9. Indian Restrictions -treaties were broken By both individuals and the government -Indians forced onto reservations -gov’t payment and supplies were not delivered as promised -Indian Uprisings -Dakota Uprising, 1862

10. Indian Restrictions -treaties were broken -Indians forced onto reservations -gov’t payment and supplies were not delivered as promised -Indian Uprisings -Dakota Uprising, 1862

11. Indian Restrictions -Massacre at Sand Creek, 1864 Col.John Chivington leads Army unit in massacre of Cheyenne 500 women & children, 200 warriors – 150 – mostly women and children killed. -Fetterman’s Massacre, 1866 -Fetterman’s small army band crushed by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Red Cloud’s warriors Over 80 soldiers killed

12. Indian Wars -Gold found in the Black Hills of the Dakotas -Sioux try to defend area promised to them -Army sends George Armstrong Custer -Little Bighorn, 1876 Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull lead warriors as Custer and all his men were killed Sitting Bull has a vision that the Army is coming – so the Sioux are ready for Custer and his men.

13. Indian Wars -Gold found in the Black Hills of the Dakotas -Sioux try to defend area promised to them -Army sends George Armstrong Custer -Little Bighorn, 1876 Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull lead warriors as Custer and all his men were killed Sitting Bull has a vision that the Army is coming – so the Sioux are ready for Custer and his men.

14. Indian Wars -Nez Perce Indians, 1877 -Led by Chief Joseph, they refused to go to reservation -chased by the Army for over 1000 miles until captured -”I will fight no more forever” 1997 – began their return into significant numbers – focused in Oregon and are redeveloping their culture

15. Assimilation -”Century of Dishonor” Helen Hunt Jackson Exposed the U.S. Government in its broken promises to the Native Americans -some people supported assimilation of Indians Give up one’s beliefs and way of life and become part of assigned new culture. -Dawes Act passed, 1887 Plan to “Americanize” Native Americans 160 acres to each family 80 acres to unmarried adults – sell remaining land to settlers to buy supplies for Native Americans most of land was eventually taken Native Americans receive no money or supplies as intended

16. End of the Indian Lifestyle -assimilation education of Indians to be more like whites Must learn Christianity and American ways of life in school -destruction of the buffalo Whites shot buffalo for sport. Buffalo to Native Americans on the other hand, is their main source of FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER, and FUEL

17. End of the Indian Lifestyle -assimilation education of Indians to be more like whites Must learn Christianity and American ways of life in school -destruction of the buffalo Whites shot buffalo for sport. Buffalo to Native Americans on the other hand, is their main source of FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER, and FUEL

18. End of the Indian Lifestyle -Ghost Dance Movement Meant to restore livelihood Sioux spiritual dance Dance was outlawed With dances occurring, the Government decides to arrest Sitting Bull, Catch the Bear kills one of the police who in turn kill Sitting Bull. -Wounded Knee, 1890 350 starving and freezing Sioux massacre of several hundred Sioux Demanded to give up all their weapons. Shot fired from undetermined source, soldier open fire – 300 killed, mostly unarmed. Corpses left to freeze. -Indian era comes to an end

19. Quotes 1 • “My people have always been the friend of white men. Why are you in such a hurry?” • Chief Joseph, 1877 • “We have been taught to hunt and live on the game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kil your cattle, and take your houses and land, what would you do? Would you not fight them?” • Sioux warrior Gall • “It makes little difference…where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stains.” • Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

20. Quotes 2 • “kill the Indian and save the man” • Richard Pratt of the Carlisle School • “Wherever the whites are established, the buffalo is gone, and the red hunter must die of hunger.” • Sioux Chief • “Hear me, my chiefs, my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more against the white man” • Chief Joseph • “There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers” • Helen Hunt Jackson

21. Quotes 3 • “I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream.” • Black Elk • “The history of the Government connections with the Indians is a shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled promises.” • Helen Hunt Jackson

22. Quiz

23. In what area of Indian land was gold found in the 1870’s which led to a fierce round of fighting?

24. What term describes the idea of being absorbed into a larger culture?

25. Name the battle where that uS leader and all his men were killed by a large Indian force?

26. What two animals were of vital importance to Plains Indians?

27. Name the book which tried to raise awareness of the plight of Indians?

28. Which two immigrant groups were responsible for most of the hard labor in building those lines?

29. Which US leader was sent to subdue the Indians in the Dakota Area?

30. Name the tribe which was chased by the Army for over 1000 miles before they finally agreed to go to the reservation.

31. Name the leaders of the Indians at this famous battle?

32. Name the two railroads that built the first transcontinental line?

33. Name the leader of this tribe who said he would “fight no more forever”?

34. Name the law which tried to create 160 acres of Indian homesteads out of the reservation land?

35. This was an Indian spiritual movement thought to end the harsh rule of the white man and aid in the victory of the Indians?

36. This was the last battle of the Indians wars as a couple hundred Sioux were killed by the Army?