Harmann Dhami Jessica Hioe Natski Takagi

1. The Rise of Filipino Nationalism: The Emergence of Emilio Aguinaldo & the Creation of the First Philippine Republic HarmannDhami Jessica HioeNatski Takagi

2. Presentation Outline • The Rise of Filipino Nationalism • Emergence of Aguinaldo • The Fight for Independence • Conclusion

3. Rise of Nationalism • The Philippines had been under Spanish rule since the 16th Century. • During the late 19th Century, the Filipino people experienced a national awakening. • Factors: religion, trade and the imparting of nationalist ideas by the Spanish themselves.

4. The Ilustrado’s and the Reform Movement • Reform movement: triggered by the unjust execution of three Filipino priests by the Spanish authorities. • Ilustrados: educated, middle-class Filipinos. • A peaceful movement. • The reform movement failed to achieve its goals (reforms) but was successful in sparking nationalism amongst the Filipinos.

5. The Katipunan • ‘KataastaasanKagalang-galangnaKatipunannangmangaAnaknangBayan’or ‘Highest and Most Honourable Society of the Sons of the Country’. • Formed in 1892. • Bonifacio: uneducated, but knew that an armed conflict was needed for change. • The society led to the emergence of Aguinaldo, and the Philippine Revolution.

6. Emergence of AguinaldoGeneral Emilio Aguinaldo & The New Republic • Seized control of the revolution in 1897 • Established a revolutionary government • Approval of constitution and setting up of Supreme Council on November 1 1897 • Was exiled to Hong Kong in December 1897 • Revolutionary leaders and rebels continued the fight against the Spaniards

7. The Spanish-American War & Aguinaldo’s Return to Power • The Spanish empire was crumbling • America’s new industrialists sought out new markets and raw materials • Philippines had sprawling plantations, untapped forests and mines along with cheap native labour • US turned to Aguinaldo in a bid to gain control of the Archipelago • He was offered naval support and cheap weaponsto ‘resume the revolution’ • Was told that the American constitution did not allow for the taking of colonies

8. The First Philippine Republic • Declaration of Independence signed on June 12, 1898 • Spanish-American War ended on December 10, 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris • Aguinaldo was sworn in as President of the first Philippine Republic on January 2,3 1899

9. Fight for IndependenceFilipino-American tension & the Philippine American War “Wherever you see the American flag, there flock the in numbers; they are our redeemers” – Emilio Aguinaldo • Treaty of Paris (1898): Spanish-American treaty to end their war, the relinquishment of the Philippines to the American’s.  Philippine Republic not recognised

10. “Great is this day, glorious this date, and forever memorable this moment in which our beloved people are raised to the apotheosis of Independence” – Emilio Aguinaldo, First Philippine Republic established January 23, 1899 • The Filipino response to American betrayal was of the willingness to fight forfreedom, self-determination and their republic

11. Defeat of Aguinaldo and the end of the short lived Philippine Republic • March 23, 1901: Aguinaldo captured • April 19, 1901: Aguinaldo issued a post that informed the Filipinos’ to accept peace under American rule. • Filipinos’ were to surrender to the US (who had funding, troops and arms), and recognise US sovereignty over their nation

12. Conclusion • Nationalist desires as a product of socio-political conditions and mistreatment by Spanish colonisers, and disloyalty of the Americans • Aguinaldo as a key leader in the Philippine nationalist and independent movement

13. References • Agoncillo, T.A. 1990. History of the Filipino People. Eighth Ed. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. • Corpuz, O.D. & Corpus, O.D. 1962. Western Colonisation and the Filipino Response. Journal of Southeast Asian History, 3(1 (March), pp.1-23. • Goodno, J.B. 1991. The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises. New Jersey: Zed Books. • Linn, B.M. 1989. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. • Mojares, R.B. 1999. The War against the Americans: resistance and collaboration in Cebu 1899-1906. Manila: Ateneo De Manila University Press. • Peplow, E. 1997. The Philippines. Chicago: Passport Books. • Pilapil, V.R. 1965. The Cause of the Philippine Revolution. Pacific Historical Review, 34(3 (August), pp.249-64. • Salamanca, B.S. 1968. The Filipino Reaction to American Rule 1901-1913. Yale University: The Shoe String Press. • Storey M., and M.P. Lichauco. 1926. The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States 1898-1925. New York: The Knickerborker Press. • Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913. First Ed. Quezon City: Cavite Historical Society & University of the Philippines Press. • Zaide, G.F. 1984. Philippine History. Updated Ed. Quezon City: National Book Store, Inc. • Image taken from: http://www.zonu.com/images/0X0/2009-09-17-595/Mapa-Politico-de-Asia-del-Este-1995.jpg • Images taken from :Tan, S.K. 2002. The Filipino – American War, 1899 – 1913. First Ed. Quezon City: Cavite Historical Society & University of the Philippines Press.