DOE R&D Priorities

1. DOE R&D Priorities Don Watkins - Bonneville Power Administration dswatkins@bpa.gov 360-418-2344 Vancouver, Washington EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

2. two premises …… each leading to a critical objective: • At any moment we know less than we think about our system’s reliability Operational Awareness Robustness Monitoring • We have insufficiently effective control of the interconnected grid. Interoperability EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

3. premise 1: we know less than we think • Dec 14, 1994 – Split WECC into 5 islands. Hours after the disturbance and wrong attributions, plots pointed to the origin. High loads. Low reactive. • “Just prior to the disturbance, some operating conditions have been identified that were not fully consistent with WSCC Minimum Operating Reliability Criteria “ • July 2, 1996 – Watched the Pacific Intertie voltage drop from “normal” to zero within 10 seconds. • “The events of July 2 revealed that these conditions had not been adequately studied to identify the problems that were encountered.” EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

4. premise 1: we know less than we think • Aug 10th, 1996 – Days later understood the impacts of changing system conditions that had not yet been identified as adverse. • “unknowingly operating outside the criteria” • System Operators had been observing unusual performance. • East side: voltage reference unknowingly set 10 kV lower put area stability at risk. • Observed higher dV/dP EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

5. premise 1: we know less than we think • East side: an uncommon seemingly conservative operating scenario put area stability at risk. • Observed unusual swings • Aug 14, 2003 – despite various “indicators”, in the absence of expected indicators the events leading to the NE blackout were undetected. • “Inadequate situational awareness” EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

6. premise 1: we know less than we think • We restrict and monitor the system on what we do know based on experience and judgment….. • while, in fact, the system never reflects exactly what we analyzed….. • and there are dangers we simply haven’t yet realized or thought of. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

7. critical R&D objective 1: robustness monitoring Find a means of assessing the intrinsichealth of the system independent of pre-determined predictive parameters. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

8. objective 1: how? • Identify the health indicators: similar to a health check-up; measuring systems (inspection, temp, blood pressure, blood analysis, etc.) and correlating factors. • Do behavioral science: Determine what information and factors are required and how they must be presented to result in extraordinary action. • Develop what is required to acquire, process, filter, and present and act on what items 1) and 2) tell you. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

9. premise 2: we have insufficiently effective control First, consider the transformation of…. • Present day supply chains • Banking/Financial transaction exchange • Internet commerce and information EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

10. premise 2: we have insufficiently effective control Consider our industry • Limited infrastructure and ability to accomplish immediate cross entity control of generators and loads to change T flows across entities. • Limited flow control devices • Limited cross entity interoperability EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

11. premise 2: we have insufficiently effective control • Limited control connection to all generators • Limited wide spread control connection to loads. • No consistent architecture, systems, or protocols to accomplish “thoughtful” control across the controlling elements of the interconnected systems. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

12. critical R&D objective 2: interoperability Establish the common framework needed to accomplish coordinated information and control betweenall entities and equipment connected to the grid. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

13. This is …. • the ability to electronically identify risk or opportunity and actively address it….. • evolving a broad and large scale control system (everything electrical) • All types and sizes of generators, all wires, all types and sizes of electrical load. …..Where function is not encumbered by seams across companies, regions, transmission operators, differing markets. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

14. the unprecedented opportunity • Optimal reliability (responsive to the common and extraordinary). • Optimal operations: generation, transmission, and load (including self healing grids). • Optimal commercial operation (concept through operation, settlement and payment). EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

15. objective 2: how? • Actively support forums that bridge all electric sectors to develop the basis for exchanging information and control across all things electrical. Architecture, notnecessarilystandards. • Develop a common reference framework. • Fund/Support development and prototypes that establish viability and bridge gaps. • Identify & create incentives EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA

16. the results • Transformation in our major grids • Higher reliability • Higher participation and value to end users • Higher value (maximized capacity, shared actions and costs) • Increased operations effectiveness with lower cost (better, less encumbered solutions) • A reality: This will require a persistent and patient effort over the next 10+ years. EPA2005 DOE R&D Priorities - BPA