Raising E nvironmental A wareness of India C ities / M unicipalities on Solid Waste Management

2. Raising Environmental Awareness of India Cities / Municipalities on Solid Waste Management Best Practices from Slovakia (EU)

3. Country:Slovak Republic (SVK) Established form: Republic Type of government: Parliamentary Democracy Formation date: 1. January 1993 from Czecho-Slovakia Area: 49 030 sq. km Population: 5 268 935 Population density: 109.9 inhabitants per sq km Capital: Bratislava (population: 452,288) The average daily temperatures: -2 ºC in winter 21 ºC in summer Main fields of industry: automobile industry, chemical industry, iron ore processing, fertilizers, plastics, brown coal mining Main agricultural crops: wheat, rye, corn, potatoes, sugar beets Breeding: cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats NATO member since: 29. March 2004 EU member since: 1. May 2004

4. EU Waste Hierarchy • Waste prevention:  • Reduction of the amount of waste generated • Reduction of its level of hazard • Re-usethe material • Recycle or compost • packaging waste • end-of-life vehicles • batteries • electrical and electronic waste • biodegradable waste • Recover the energy by incineration • Dispose of the remaining waste in a landfill

5. Waste Management Principles in Slovakia Waste Management Hierarchy Self-Sufficiency Principle Best Available Technique Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC) Proximity Principle Producer’s Responsibility

6. Waste Management Hierarchy • Waste recovery is being more supported, landfill is being gradually more discouraged • Landfilling of organic waste is being more and more restricted • Landfilling of recyclable waste from households is being penalised • The requirements relating to incineration of waste become stricter and more expensive • Slovak waste policy aims at waste prevention, reduction of the waste generation and at waste recovery • Producers’ responsibility is being applied

7. Waste Management Hierarchy • For organic waste, the solution must be to recover as much material (nutrients, compost) and energy (biogas for energy use) as possible. • There are increasing demands to reduce green house emissions and air pollutants. • Renewable sources of energy are required to increase their share on the total energy generation/consumption and biodegradable waste has to be recovered.

8. National Waste Management Legislation in Slovakia • Primary Legislation • Act on WasteNo. 223/2001 -a basic legislative instrument, which regulates division of competences, operation of state administration bodies and municipalities, rights and obligations of legal entities and individuals in the field of waste management • Acton Packaging and Packaging WasteNo 529/2002 • Acton Charges for Waste Disposal at Landfills No. 17/2004 • Order of the Government of the Slovak Republicestablishing bindingtargets on packaging waste recovery and recycling • No. 220/2005

9. National Waste Management Legislation in Slovakia • 2. Secondary Legislation • Order of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic on authorisation, issuing experts opinions on the issues of waste • No. 273/2001 • Order of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic on execution oflegal provisions on wasteNo. 283/2001 • Order of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic which sets up the Waste CatalogueNo. 284/2001 • Order of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic on rates for calculation of contributions to the Recycling FundNo. 516/2001

10. National Waste Management Legislation in Slovakia • 3. Other regulations • Order of MoENo. 125/2004 on End of Life Vehicles treatment • Order of MoENo. 210/2005 on implementation of Packaging Act • Order of MoENo.127/2004 on fees for Recycling Fund • Order of MoENo. 126/2004 on authorised persons in waste management • Order of MoENo. 135/2004 on decontamination of PCB containing equipments • Order of MoENo. 208/2005 on WEEE management (Waste Electric and Electronical Equipment) • Communication of Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 60/1995onaccedingof Slovak Republic in Basle Convention on the Control ofTrans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal • Communication of MoENo. 75/2002 on issuing notification No. 1/2002on establishment ofanalytical methods of waste analysis

11. National Waste Management Legislation in Slovakia 4. Horizontal legislation • Acton Environmental Impact AssessmentNo. 24/2006 • Act.on IPCC(Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control)No. 245/2003 • Acton Free Access to InformationNo. 211/2000

12. Waste Management Strategy • Overall waste management strategy was formulated in 1993 for the first time in Waste Management Programme, which has been updated each five years. • The current Waste Management Plan is in force for the period 2006 - 2010.

13. Waste Management Planning • Waste management planning is provided at three levels: • National level – the main document is Waste Management Plan of the Slovak Republic prepared by Ministry of Environment and approved by Government • Regional level - 8 regional Waste Management Plans for 8 regions are prepared by Regional Environmental offices • Local level – municipalities, significant waste generators and waste operators are obliged to prepare Waste Management Plan in respect to relevant area or activity. • There are no differences in the basic principles for waste management in Slovakia compared with those applied in the current waste management policy of EU.

14. The Waste Management Plan • lays down the objectives in waste management of • the Slovak Republic • a territorial unit (regional or district) • a municipality • or • a waste generator / a waste producer • and the measures they need to set up in order to comply with Act on Waste. • The Waste Management Plan must be prepared for waste types listed in the Waste Catalogue.

15. The Waste Management Plan contains • the name of the body issuing it • basic data concerning the territory to which the Plan applies • basic data concerning the waste generator or the municipality preparing the Plan • characteristics of the present situation in waste management • a waste management budget • targets to be met in waste minimisation, prevention, reuse, recycling and recovery

16. Waste Producer’s Plan and Municipal Waste Management Plan • A Waste Producer / a Waste Generator is a legal entity or an individual – an entrepreneur that produces annually over 500 kg of hazardous wastes or 10 tonne of other wastes. • Each waste producer (including municipalities) must prepare its own WM plan. • Waste Management Plans are subject of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) - Act on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 24/2006 • before WMP comes into force there must be an assessment of environmental impacts • corrections, conditions or new mitigation measures must be included into the final Waste Management Plan • public and affected authorities play a vital role in formulation of the objectives, goals and strategy in waste management • plans updates regularly - every 5 years or when significant changes occur

17. Economic Instruments for Waste Management • Economic tools support environmentally sound options of waste disposal and treatment: • Weighing of household waste • a municipality has the power and the responsibility to control waste management by issuing Municipal Waste Management By-Laws • Individual weighing of household waste – an economic incentive for households to generate less waste • c) Establishment of waste separation systems and collection of separated waste

18. Economic Instruments for Waste Management • Producer’s responsibility • Recycling Fund • Producers and importers of paper, glass, plastic, batteries and accumulators, metal packaging, end of life vehicles, used tyres, WEEE, multilayer materials, oils are obliged to pay fees to Recycling Fund from July 1st 2002. • Recycling Fund must use this income for ensuring separate collection of some wastes as well as their recycling. • In the first year Recycling Fund collected 1 765 mil. SKK = 68 mil USD, which was used for development of recycling facilities in all regions in Slovakia. • In 2005 on the basis of contracts RF ensured separate collection of waste in amount of about 110,000 t and waste recycling in amount of 144,000 t. • Municipalities can obtain finance form Recycling Fund for: • collectionof separated components from municipal waste • waste recovery (composting, incineration, etc.) • environmental awareness • minimisation of waste generation.

19. Economic Instruments for Waste Management • Charges for waste disposal at landfills • Each municipality must minimise waste generation and enhance a separate collection of recyclables from municipal waste. • Charges for waste disposal at landfill sites are increasing from year to year • (fee in 2008 will be 10 times higher than in 2004).

20. Charges on Waste Disposal at Landfills According to Act No. 17/2004

21. Charges on Waste Disposal at the Landfill • The last holder of waste is obliged to pay above mentioned charges for municipal solid waste disposal at landfill sites. • A municipality and a landfill operator are “obliged persons”. • The amount of waste is weighed by landfill operator. • Landfill operator is responsible for accuracy of data. • If obliged person fails to comply with law, sanctions/penalties can be applied by competent authority. • Income from charges/fees belongs to municipality on which territory landfill site is located. • This income can be used by the municipality for waste management purposes only.

22. Other tools • Funds from the EU Structural Funds • Funds from EU can be used for such municipal waste management as is in compliance with national waste management strategy, preferably for ensuring waste prevention and waste recovery. • Applicants are municipalities. • True Costs • Waste operators and municipalities are free to ensure full cost recovery for municipal solid waste management – e.g. waste producer pays the true costs. • If the system of weighing of household waste has a fair level of payment, citizens will try to minimise their waste generation as much as possible and separate collection of recyclables can be very effective.

23. Organisation of Waste Management State Institutional Set-up • A three level organisational structure: • National – Ministry of Environment (MoE) • Slovak Environmental Inspection • Slovak Environmental Agency • MoE is responsible for the formulation of overall policy approaches: • Waste Management Plan of the Slovak Republic • Primary and secondary legislation • Guidance documents

24. Organisation of Waste Management State Institutional Set-up • Regional – Regional Offices of Environment, Inspectorates • Prepare, issue, update and publish the Regional Waste Management Plan • Appeal authority for complaints against decisions of District Offices • Approve Producers’ and Municipalities’ Waste Management Plans

25. Organisation of Waste Management State InstitutionalSet-up • Local– District Offices of Environment, Municipalities, Inspectorates • The local authority in waste management • Approve producers’ and municipalities’ waste management plans within the territory of the district • Approve project documents for closure, reclamation and monitoring of a landfill • Registration Authority for entrepreneurs that collect or ship waste • Prepare, issue, update and publish the District Waste Management Plan

26. Organisation of Waste Management Administration • Administration in waste management is executed by: • 1 • Ministry of Environment - 9 people • Slovak Environmental Agency – 5 people • Slovak Inspection of Environment – 35 people • Regional and District Environmental Offices – 8 regional and 47 district offices • 2 • Municipalities (self-government) – 2920 municipalities in Slovakia • State Inspection for Energy • Slovak Commerce Inspection

27. Role of Municipalities • Responsible for all waste generated within their municipality • Prepare Waste Management Plans • Investigate offences relating to waste management • Provide information to waste holders/producers/generators on the location and operation of waste management facilities in the municipality • Determine and prepare an area where citizens can deliver separated recyclables from municipal solid waste free of charge

28. Information System on Waste • Slovak Environmental Agency (SEA) – Centre of Waste Management in Bratislava (COHEM) • Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic – Department of Waste Management • Slovak Statistical Office (SSO) • are the bodies that collect, process and keep up to date the data on waste generation and its management

29. Private, Public and Municipal Organisationof Waste Management • Waste management is a profitable business in Slovakia • Many (national and international) companies compete to operate WM plants (landfills,..) • Waste Management is done by: • Private companies • Public companies (often association of several municipalities) • Public-private (municipalities own some shares in the private company) • Non-profit-public (assisting with information campaign, awareness raising, environmental education and consultancy) • International cooperation (Austria – Slovakia) • The arrangement of services is agreed upon between a municipality and a private company on the basis of a contract, following a public tendering process.

30. Waste Management Practices Survey of waste types and amounts is provided annually by two institutions on the basis of two acts. Slovak Statistical Office collects and processes data from reports deliveredby waste generators, including municipalities. Form of report is given by a specific law. Slovak Environmental Agency, which operates information system on waste, processes data on waste collected by District Environmental Offices from waste generators and waste operators in the respective area.

31. Waste Generation and Disposal in 2005 Waste generation and disposal by landfilling and incineration in Slovakia in 2005 MSW – municipal solid waste

32. Waste Generation and Disposal in 2005 The number of municipalities where waste recovery was ensured in 2005 The number of municipalities where waste disposal was ensured in 2005 Source: Slovak Statistical Office, 2006

33. Waste Facilities in Slovakia • Landfills • 12 landfills for hazardous waste • 131 landfills for non hazardous waste • 18 landfills for inert waste • Municipal Waste Incinerators • in Western Slovakia (Bratislava) • in Eastern Slovakia (Košice) • Annually they incinerate about 180,000 tons of municipal waste.

34. Municipal solid waste generated and treated in Slovakia in 2005 Source: Slovak Statistical Office, 2006

35. Relative parameters of municipal waste management in Slovakia in 2005 Source: Slovak Statistical Office, 2006

36. Waste Management Practices in Slovakia • Waste prevention • Waste recovery • Material recovery • Energy recovery • Waste disposal

37. Collection of Separated Waste • Obligations of the municipalities: • to ensure or enable collection and transport of the municipal waste generated on its own territory • to ensure availability of the collection bins/containers relevant to collection system in municipality • to ensure that there are places/localities where the citizens can deliver separated types of municipal waste • to ensure collection and transport of bulky waste (at least twice a year) • to ensure separate collection of hazardous household waste • to ensure separate collection of small construction waste

38. Collection of Separated Waste • Municipalities must ensure separate collection of five waste types (from 2010): • Paper • Plastic • Metal • Glass • Biodegradable waste

39. Implementation Systems to Collect of Recyclables • Separate collection of waste differs from place to place • in quantity (how much waste is collected separately) • in quality (how many types of recyclables are collected separately) • In many municipalities separation of glass and paper prevails, while separated collection of plastic, metal and other recyclables from MSW is rare.

40. Results of separate waste collection • Municipal waste collection systems • 80 % to 85% of the municipalities have experience with separate collection of waste. • 25 % to 30 % of the municipalities separate more than three components from MSW. The majority of small villages focus on collecting only waste paper and glass. • In cities separate collection is operated by: • Municipal companies (40-45%) • Private companies (25-30%) • Associations of municipalities (30%)

41. Collection of separated waste types • Bring-systems in cities - collection equipment is • 1100 litres containers or • Bell shaped containers • 110 litres containers • Bags emptied and/or collected from the kerbside • Bring-system in villages • 110 litres containers or • bags that are emptied • according to the schedule announced in advance.

42. Technical equipment • small truck with hydraulic arm • trucks with linear or rotary press • sorting facilities (5 or 6 fully equipped in bigger cities)

43. Results of Collection of Separated Components from MSW • In 2005: 1,558,000 tons of municipal waste and small construction debris were generated in Slovakia. • The average amount of municipal waste generated by one inhabitant was 289 kg • 92 % waste was disposed of • 8 % waste was reused or recovered • 15,72 kg/per person - the average amount of waste separately collected • 40,32 kg/per person - the highest rate of separate waste collection in Bratislava • 5,71kg/per person - the lowest of separate waste collection in Košice region.

44. Best practices Separate waste collection in Skalica district approx. 40.000 inhabitants in the district The system consists of kerbside collection, minor collection points and a municipal collection centre Systems for separate collection of waste in Skalica:

45. Information to the households • When a new collection scheme is introduced information is given to the inhabitants: • Every household gets a leaflet about the new initiative • Advertisements in the local radio and newspapers • Meetings with caretakers are arranged where the principles for sorting the waste, the collection scheme etc. is introduced and explained • An information leaflet stating the results of separate collection of the previous year • An information leaflet with the schedule of • collection for the new year distributed to • the households

46. Packaging Waste Management Model • The first institution established in Slovakia was ENVI- PAK, shareholders company • Offers the services to clients/obliged persons according to the Packaging Act. • packaging waste collection and recovery • ENVI-PAK cooperates with municipalities • ENVI-PAK in 2003 received from Pro Europe a GREEN DOT licence (EU compatible system)

47. Packaging Waste Management Model • ENVI- PAK, a. s. pays contributions to municipalities depending on the amountof waste separately collected (contributions to municipalities are based on the cost of respective packaging material) • Revenues from the sale of secondary raw materials represent a municipal income • Municipalities are motivated to increase the share of separated material • Money received are used for the citizens and are prerequisites and guarantee for efficiency of this packaging waste management model

48. SWOT Analysis of Separated System of Waste Management in Slovakia Strengths • Separate collection of waste paper and iron scrap has a rich tradition in Slovakia, because the iron and glass factories exist and need the secondary raw materials badly. • Separate waste collection is not completely new activity for citizens, as many of them have already been included in the system during a study at grammar and high schools. • Legislative instruments requiring separate collection at municipal level are developed and being implemented step by step. • Legislative instruments prohibiting some waste type's disposal at landfills are implemented (biodegradable (green) waste, tyres) . • Municipalities can create the tools (local regulation) encouraging separate waste collections • There are more financial sources to be used for separate waste collection systems • Many municipalities have already experience with systems of separate waste collection their introduction and operation.

49. SWOT Analysis of Separated System of Waste Management in Slovakia Strengths • Examples of best practice of separated waste collection exist • Statistics on separate waste collection are legally required. • Many pilot projects focused on separate waste collection have been executed at municipal level and brought the benefit. • Infrastructure for processing of separately collected wastes exists or is rapidly created. • Recycling fund can pay fees to municipalities for separately collected waste. • ENVI-PAK and other compliance schemes can pay fees to municipalities for • separately collected packaging waste. • Collective systems for WEEE can help municipalities to provide collection of WEEE reimbursing the operational cost for collection • Staff of municipal administration have the opportunities to increase education and environmental awareness.

50. SWOT Analysis of Separated System of Waste Management in Slovakia Weaknesses • Municipalities have many responsibilities, less competency and limited financial sources to introduce and operate separate collection systems. • Public awareness campaigns are not provided at the same scale, or in each municipality so regularity is not ensured. • Administrative capacity at municipal level for waste management, especially at small municipalities, is not built up sufficiently. • Many municipalities are of small scale and to ensure the feasible and efficient separate waste collection in small administrative units can bring the impassable problems. • Municipalities do not have sufficient experience to ensure financing of separate waste collection from all potential sources. • Sustainability of some existing systems of separate waste collection is questionable.